Volume 12, Number 2—February 2006
Research
Fresh Chicken as Main Risk Factor for Campylobacteriosis, Denmark
, Jakob Neimann*1, Jørgen Engberg†, Eva Møller Nielsen*†, Peter Gerner-Smidt†2, Henrik C. Wegener*, and Kåre Mølbak†
Table 2
Case-control study on sporadic campylobacteriosis (CB) in Denmark, 2000–2001*
| Variables | Exposures |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analysis A† (including travelers) |
Analysis B‡ (only domestic cases) |
Analysis C§ (case-case study) |
||||
| 107 CB patients, no. (%) | 178 matched controls, no. (%) | 74 CB patients, no. (%) | 114 matched controls, no. (%) | 141 CB patients, no. (%) | 386 non-CB controls, no. (%) | |
| Travel (14 d) | ||||||
| No travel | 78 (72.8) | 156 (87.6) | 74 (100) | 114 (100) | 100 (70.9) | 241 (62.4) |
| Southern Europe | 11 (10.2) | 6 (3.3) | – | – | 4 (2.8) | 29 (7.5) |
| Europe, other | 2 (1.8) | 15 (8.4) | – | – | 12 (8.5) | 51 (13.2) |
| Outside Europe | 16 (14.9) | 1 (0.5) | – | – | 25 (17.7) | 65 (16.8) |
| Holiday other than weekend | 49 (45.7) | 91 (51.1) | 22 (29.7) | 52 (45.6) | 65 (46.0) | 186 (48.2) |
| Chicken bought unfrozen | 36 (33.6) | 40 (22.4) | 28 (37.8) | 21 (18.4) | 46 (32.6) | 55 (14.2) |
| Turkey | 29 (27.1) | 57 (32.0) | 23 (31.0) | 33 (28.9) | 34 (24.1) | 105 (27.2) |
| Turkey bought fresh | 28 (26.1) | 35 (19.6) | 15 (20.2) | 15 (13.1) | 21 (14.9) | 42 (10.9) |
| Minced beef/veal at barbecue | 4 (3.7) | 21 (11.7) | 3 (4.0) | 9 (7.8) | 6 (4.3) | 23 (6.0) |
| Pork prepared in large pieces | 11 (10.3) | 46 (25.8) | 8 (10.8) | 28 (24.5) | 15 (10.6) | 71 (18.4) |
| Any white bread without bran or grains last month | 92 (86.0) | 142 (79.7) | 65 (87.8) | 86 (75.4) | 122 (86.5) | 322 (83.4) |
| White bread with bran or grains >5 times/mo | 75 (70.0) | 100 (56.1) | 52 (70.2) | 62 (54.3) | 94 (66.6) | 224 (58.0) |
| Apples and pears | 76 (71.0) | 148 (83.1) | 55 (74.3) | 98 (85.9) | 98 (69.5) | 283 (73.3) |
| Strawberries | 16 (14.9) | 43 (24.1) | 18 (24.3) | 22 (19.2) | 23 (16.3) | 51 (13.2) |
| Raw vegetables daily | 16 (14.9) | 46 (25.8) | 10 (13.5) | 29 (25.4) | 23 (16.3) | 67 (17.4) |
| Chives (fresh) | 38 (35.5) | 58 (32.5) | 30 (40.5) | 34 (29.8) | 53 (37.6) | 130 (33.7) |
| Urban residence | 88 (82.2) | 158 (88.7) | 61 (82.4) | 99 (86.8) | 118 (83.7) | 336 (87.0) |
| Tap water from summerhouse | 9 (8.4) | 12 (6.7) | 8 (10.8) | 7 (6.1) | 11 (7.8) | 37 (9.6) |
*Exposures for variables with p<0.05 in the final models from analysis A, B, or both.
†Analysis A: all CB patients (including travelers) vs. healthy controls matched to patients by age, sex, geography, and as far as possible, to time of disease onset for the patient.
‡Analysis B: domestic CB patients vs. healthy controls matched to patients by age, sex, geography, and as far as possible, to time of disease onset for the patient.
§Analysis C: CB patients vs. non-CB bacterial gastroenteritis patients, match to patients only on time of disease onset.
1Current affiliation: Danisco Sugars, Copenhagen, Denmark
2Current affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.