Volume 12, Number 8—August 2006
Research
Streptococcus suis Sequence Type 7 Outbreak, Sichuan, China
Figure 4
![](/eid/images/06-0232-F4.gif)
Figure 4. Unrooted Bayesian tree of the concatenated sequence of the 92 sequence types (STs) of Streptococcus suis. The tree was constructed by using MrBayes (version 3.1.1) according to the HKY85 model of DNA substitution with no rate variation across sites. Four Markov chains were run for a million generations, and the Markov chain is sampled every 100 generations (18). The sampled parameter values were summarized by discarding the first 2,000 samples as burn-in. On the basis of the last 9,000 samples taken from the posterior probability distribution, a 50% majority rule consensus tree was computed. The posterior probability given on each branch is a percentage of these trees supporting each node. The 6 lineages defined in this study are shadowed in light gray. The 6 major clonal complexes identified previously by King et al. (8) as well as in this study are shadowed in dark gray. The five STs containing isolates from human invasive disease are shown as red dots.
References
- Halaby T, Hoitsma E, Hupperts R, Spanjaard L, Luirink M, Jacobs J. Streptococcus suis meningitis, a poacher's risk. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;19:943–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Juncal AR, Pardo F, Rodriguez I, Perez del Molino ML. Meningitis by Streptococcus suis [article in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1997;15:120–1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Staats JJ, Feder I, Okwumabua O, Chengappa MM. Streptococcus suis: past and present. Vet Res Commun. 1997;21:381–407. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dupas D, Vignon M, Geraut C. Streptococcus suis meningitis. A severe noncompensated occupational disease. J Occup Med. 1992;34:1102–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gottschalk M, Segura M. The pathogenesis of the meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis: the unresolved questions. Vet Microbiol. 2000;76:259–72. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Suankratay C, Intalapaporn P, Nunthapisud P, Arunyingmongkol K, Wilde H. Streptococcus suis meningitis in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35:868–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- King SJ, Leigh JA, Heath PJ, Luque I, Tarradas C, Dowson CG, Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen Streptococcus suis: identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3671–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wisselink HJ, Reek FH, Vecht U, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Smits MA, Smith HE. Detection of virulent strains of Streptococcus suis type 2 and highly virulent strains of Streptococcus suis type 1 in tonsillar specimens of pigs by PCR. Vet Microbiol. 1999;67:143–57. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Staats JJ, Plattner BL, Stewart GC, Changappa MM. Presence of the Streptococcus suis suilysin gene and expression of MRP and EF correlates with high virulence in Streptococcus suis type 2 isolates. Vet Microbiol. 1999;70:201–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Berthelot-Herault F, Morvan H, Keribin AM, Gottschalk M, Kobisch M. Production of muraminidase-released protein (MRP), extracellular factor (EF) and suilysin by field isolates of Streptococcus suis capsular types 2, 1/2, 9, 7 and 3 isolated from swine in France. Vet Res. 2000;31:473–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Higgins R, Gottschalk M. An update on Streptococcus suis identification. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1990;2:249–52. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Marois C, Bougeard S, Gottschalk M, Kobisch M. Multiplex PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus suis species and serotypes 2 and 1/2 in tonsils of live and dead pigs. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3169–75. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Berthelot-Herault F, Marois C, Gottschalk M, Kobisch M. Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs and humans as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:615–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hunter SB, Vauterin P, Lambert-Fair MA, van Duyne MS, Kubota K, Graves L, Establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to the new size standard. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:1045–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Aanensen DM, Spratt BG. The multilocus sequence typing network: mlst.net. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33:W728–33. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Feil EJ, Li BC, Aanensen DM, Hanage WP, Spratt BG. eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes from multilocus sequence typing data. J Bacteriol. 2004;186:1518–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics. 2003;19:1572–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vanier G, Segura M, Friedl P, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Invasion of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells by Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Infect Immun. 2004;72:1441–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vecht U, Wisselink HJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Smith HE. Characterization of virulence of the Streptococcus suis serotype 2 reference strain Henrichsen S 735 in newborn gnotobiotic pigs. Vet Microbiol. 1996;51:125–36. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zhu F, Yang H, Hu X, Wang H, Wang G, Song Y, Homogeneity study on the Streptococcus suis isolated from human and swine [article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2000;21:427–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yu H, Jing H, Chen Z, Zheng H, Zhu X, Wang H, Human Streptococcus suis outbreak, Sichuan, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:914–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vela AI, Goyache J, Tarradas C, Luque I, Mateos A, Moreno MA, Analysis of genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis clinical isolates from pigs in Spain by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:2498–502. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cooper JE, Feil EJ. Multilocus sequence typing–what is resolved? Trends Microbiol. 2004;12:373–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Galina L, Pijoan C, Sitjar M, Christianson WT, Rossow K, Collins JE. Interaction between Streptococcus suis serotype 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in specific pathogen-free piglets. Vet Rec. 1994;134:60–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Quessy S, Dubreuil JD, Caya M, Higgins R. Discrimination of virulent and avirulent Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 isolates from different geographical origins. Infect Immun. 1995;63:1975–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michaud S. Streptococcus suis meningitis: first case reported in Quebec. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 1996;7:329–31.
- Trottier S, Higgins R, Brochu G, Gottschalk M. A case of human endocarditis due to Streptococcus suis in North America. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:1251–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gottschalk M, Higgins R, Jacques M, Mittal KR, Henrichsen J. Description of 14 new capsular types of Streptococcus suis. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:2633–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kay R, Cheng AF, Tse CY. Streptococcus suis infection in Hong Kong. QJM. 1995;88:39–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Martel A, Decostere A, Leener ED, Marien M, Graef ED, Heyndrickx M, Comparison and transferability of the erm (B) genes between human and farm animal streptococci 6. Microb Drug Resist. 2005;11:295–302. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
1These authors contributed equally to this study.