Volume 12, Number 9—September 2006
Research
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis by Nationality, the Netherlands, 1993–2001
Lowieke A.M. te Beek*†, Marieke J. van der Werf*
, Clemens Richter‡, and Martien W. Borgdorff*§
, Clemens Richter‡, and Martien W. Borgdorff*§
Table 4
Risk factors for 8 types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) versus pulmonary TB*†
| Lymphatic (n = 1,963) | Pleural (n = 1,036) | Bones and joints (n = 465) | Miliary (n = 246) | Genitourinary (n = 226) | Peritoneal (n =178) | Meninges and CNS (n = 111) | Other EPTB sites (n = 438) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Female | 2.22 (2.00–2.46) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 1.95 (1.61–2.37) | 1.56 (1.20–2.03) | 1.70 (1.29–2.22) | 2.55 (1.87–3.46) | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 1.93 (1.59–2.36) | |
| Age group, y | |||||||||
| <14 | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) | 0.52 (0.35–0.77) | 0.16 (0.09–0.29) | 0.10 (0.04–0.23) | – | 0.18 (0.05–0.66) | 1.54(0.70–3.36) | 0.44 (0.26–0.75) | |
| 15–24 | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) | 1.34 (1.06–1.68) | 0.27 (0.18–0.38) | 0.14 (0.08–0.23) | 0.12 (0.06–0.25) | 0.90 (0.45–1.81) | 0.43 (0.18–1.01) | 0.54 (0.37–0.81) | |
| 25–34 | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) | 1.51 (1.22–1.86) | 0.36 (0.26–0.50) | 0.14 (0.09–0.22) | 0.29 (0.18–0.47) | 0.94 (0.48–1.85) | 0.97 (0.49–1.90) | 0.68 (0.47–0.98) | |
| 35– 44 | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) | 0.56 (0.40–0.78) | 0.20 (0.13–0.33) | 0.62 (0.40–0.95) | 1.58 (0.80–3.13) | 0.70 (0.32–1.53) | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | |
| 45–64 | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 0.41 (0.28–0.60) | 1.16 (0.83–1.64) | 1.85 (0.95–3.62) | 1.71 (0.91–3.23) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | |
| >65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| HIV infection‡ | |||||||||
| Yes | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 0.40 (0.25–0.65) | 0.52 (0.26–1.03) | 7.36 (4.88–11.12) | 0.25 (0.06–1.04) | 1.41 (0.66–3.01) | 3.29 (1.63–6.65) | 1.36 (0.85–2.19) | |
| Unknown | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Nationality | |||||||||
| Dutch | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| European (central and eastern) | 0.57 (0.37–0.88) | 0.37 (0.25–0.56) | 0.08 (0.01–0.54) | 1.06 (0.48–2.33) | 0.31 (0.10–0.98) | 0.31 (0.04–2.32) | – | 0.35 (0.13–0.96) | |
| Turkish | 2.01 (1.55–2.61) | 0.55 (0.40–0.76) | 0.53 (0.25–1.15) | 0.64 (0.23–1.77) | 1.27 (0.68–2.38) | 2.19 (0.95–5.09) | 0.63 (0.19–2.07) | 2.01 (1.26–3.19) | |
| Moroccan | 2.98 (2.47–3.60) | 0.67 (0.53–0.86) | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) | 1.12 (0.63–2.00) | 1.23 (0.78–1.96) | 4.71 (2.78–7.97) | 1.31 (0.68–2.52) | 2.08 (1.45–2.99) | |
| Somali | 7.82 (6.56–9.31) | 0.68 (0.53–0.88) | 6.10 (4.51–8.26) | 2.75 (1.61–4.67) | 1.14 (0.59–2.22) | 12.47 (7.64–20.36) | 2.82 (1.57–5.07) | 6.39 (4.69–8.70) | |
| African (other) | 2.79 (2.27–3.42) | 0.61 (0.47–0.79) | 2.32 (1.59–3.39) | 2.28 (1.41–3.66) | 1.09 (0.58–2.07) | 2.21 (1.09–4.46) | 0.53 (0.20–1.39) | 2.48 (1.71–3.60) | |
| Asian | 4.19 (3.55–4.96) | 0.47 (0.36–0.61) | 2.06 (1.50–2.83) | 1.28 (0.77–2.15) | 0.42 (0.21–0.84) | 3.44 (2.01–5.91) | 1.63 (0.89–2.95) | 2.09 (1.49–2.94) | |
| Other | 1.78 (1.37–2.31) | 0.63 (0.46–0.88) | 1.70 (1.08–2.59) | 1.03 (0.55–1.94) | 0.67 (0.32–1.39) | 2.44 (1.17–5.07) | 0.47 (0.14–1.54) | 1.05 (0.60–1.83) | |
*EPTB, extrapulmonary tuberculosis; PTB, pulmonary TB.
†In the calculation of odds ratios for patients, patients with PTB served as a reference group. The odds ratios were adjusted for all variables used in the model. Boldface figures denote significant odds ratios.
‡HIV testing is not a standard procedure for TB patients in the Netherlands. HIV infection is recorded in the National Tuberculosis Registry as one of the response options of the item "impaired immunity." Considered as HIV infected were those cases with a record of impaired immunity due to HIV infection; all others were classified as HIV-status unknown.
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