Volume 13, Number 10—October 2007
THEME ISSUE
Global Poverty and Human Development
Letter
Identification of Rickettsiae, Uganda and Djibouti
To the Editor: Tickborne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that belong to the spotted fever group of the genus Rickettsia. These zoonoses share characteristic clinical features, including fever, headache, rash, and sometimes eschar formation at the site of the bite (1). Although rickettsioses are important emerging vectorborne infections of humans worldwide, little is known about rickettsioses in sub-Saharan Africa (1,2).
In 2002, 94 ticks were collected in Djibouti: 5 Amblyomma lepidum, 1 A. variegatum, 5 Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, 40 Rhipicephalus pulchellus, and 10 Rh. evertsi evertsi from cattle that had just arrived from Ethiopia; 30 H. dromedarii from dromedaries; and 3 Rh. sanguineus group ticks from cheetahs. In 2003, 57 ticks were collected from dogs in Kampala, Uganda: 1 A. variegatum, 9 Haemaphysalis punctaleachi, 28 Rh. praetextatus, and 19 Rh. sanguineus. All ticks were partially or fully engorged adults. This convenience sample of ticks was obtained as part of other ongoing studies.
Ticks were identified by using taxonomic keys (3) and kept in 70% ethanol before being tested. DNA of each tick was extracted, and rickettsial DNA was detected by PCR that used primers Rp.877p and Rp.1258r, which amplify a 396-bp fragment of the citrate synthase gene (gltA) of rickettsia, as described (4). Rickettsia-positive samples were tested by a second PCR that used Rr.190.70p and Rr.190.701n primers, which amplify a 629–632 bp fragment of ompA gene (4). Controls (2 negative [DNA extracted from noninfected laboratory ticks and distilled water] and 1 positive [R. montanensis DNA]) were included in each test. The sequences of PCR products were obtained and compared with those available in GenBank (4).
One specimen of Ha. punctaleachi from Uganda and 1 A. lepidum from Djibouti, as well as positive controls, were positive according to PCR using both primer pairs. No signal was obtained from negative controls. The sequence of a 474-bp fragment of ompA obtained from Ha. punctaleachi showed 99.8% (473/474) similarity with R. conorii (GenBank accession no. AY346453); those of a 340-bp segment of gltA showed 100% similarity with that of R. conorii (AE008677). The sequences of a 517-bp segment of ompA and a 341-bp segment of gltA amplified from A. lepidum showed 100% similarity to the corresponding sequences of R. africae (U83436 and U59733, respectively).
To our knowledge, this is the first detection of R. conorii, the agent of Mediterranean spotted fever, in Uganda. Although the main vector of this rickettsia is Rh. sanguineus, the few ticks of this species we tested were negative (1). It is also the first detection of R. conorii in Ha. punctaleachi, although it has been detected in the closely related Ha. leachi in Zimbabwe (5). Ha. punctaleachi prefers warm and humid conditions but can exist wherever rodent hosts for its immature stages and canine hosts for its adult stages are present (6). Adults are found throughout the year; peak numbers occur either from winter to early summer or from spring to late summer (7). Although the detection of R. conorii in Ha. punctaleachi does not mean that this tick is an efficient vector (8), clinicians in Uganda should be aware of the presence of Mediterranean spotted fever in their country.
This is also, to our knowledge, the first detection of R. africae, the agent of African tick bite fever, in Djibouti. R. africae was also detected in 1 A. lepidum collected in Sudan (4), but it is more frequently detected in A. variegatum and A. hebraeum with high infection rates throughout sub-Saharan Africa (7). A. lepidum, which coexists with A. variegatum in limited locations, is chiefly a cattle parasite. It will also attach to smaller domestic animals and a few wild herbivores, but it attacks humans less frequently than A. variegatum or A. hebraeum. A. lepidum occurs in a variety of climatic regions but most commonly inhabits semiarid regions in eastern Africa. The cattle in our study had been imported from Ethiopia, and the ticks may have infested these animals before their arrival in Djibouti. Indeed, in 1973 Burgdorfer obtained an isolate from A. variegatum in Ethiopia, which was thereafter shown to be indistinguishable from the rickettsia described as R. africae (7,9). Again, clinicians should be aware of the presence of R. africae in Djibouti and that it could affect their patients, both local and international, including French and American soldiers based in this country (10).
Because we did not do systematic sampling, our results cannot address the prevalence and distribution of R. conorii and R. africae in Uganda and Djibouti, respectively. However, healthcare workers who treat persons who live in or have traveled to these countries should be alert for spotted fever group rickettsial infections in their patients (1).
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to Heidi Goethert for her helpful comments and for editing the English; to Johnson Acon, Kizindo Mathias, and Mickaël Boni for their helpful contribution in collecting ticks; and to Jean-Louis Camicas for his help in the definitive identification of H. punctaleachi ticks.
References
- Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the word: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:719–56. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Parola P. Rickettsioses in sub-Saharan Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1078:42–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Ticks of domestic animals in Africa. Edinburgh (Scotland): Bioscience Reports; 2003.
- Parola P, Inokuma H, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Detection and identification of spotted fever group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:1014–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kelly PJ, Mason PR. Serological typing of spotted fever group Rickettsia isolates from Zimbabwe. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2302–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mathysse JG, Colbo MH. The Ixodid ticks of Uganda. College Park (MD): Entomology Society of America; 1987: p. 1–426.
- Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Kelly P, Myrvang B, Raoult D. Afican tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:557–64. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Parola P, Raoult D. Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:897–928. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Burgdorfer W, Ormsbee RA, Schmidt ML, Hoogstraal H. A search for the epidemic typhus agent in Ethiopian ticks. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;48:563–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- US Department of State. Background note: Djibouti. [cited 2007 Feb 17.] Available from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5482.htm
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Table of Contents – Volume 13, Number 10—October 2007
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Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:
Philippe Parola, Unité des Rickettsies CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, World Health Organization Collaborative Center for Rickettsial Reference and Research, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France;
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