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Volume 13, Number 6—June 2007
Dispatch

Endemic Human Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001–2004

Anne W. Rimoin*, Neville Kisalu†, Benoit Kebela-Ilunga‡, Thibaut Mukaba†, Linda L. Wright§, Pierre Formenty¶, Nathan D. Wolfe#, Robert Loshima Shongo‡, Florimond Tshioko**, Emile Okitolonda††, Jean-Jacques Muyembe†, Robert W. Ryder‡‡, and Hermann Meyer§§Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; †National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; ‡Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; §National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; ¶World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; #Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; **World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; ††Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; ‡‡University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; §§Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany;

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Figure 2

Phylogenetic inference relationships of the open reading frames encoding the hemagglutinin protein of selected strains of vaccinia, variola, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses and monkeypox virus isolates described in this study. Sequences used were cowpox virus Brighton (AF375089), variola virus Bangladesh (AF375129), vaccinia virus Lister (AY678276), monkeypox virus mpv 1997 (AF375096), mvp-squir (AF375112), mpv Zaire 77-0666 (Z99052), mpv-cncr (AF375102), mpv 74-226 (AF375099), mpv-082 (AF375095), mpv-utc (AF375113), and mpv-3945 (AF375098). ClustalW, version 1.83 (10), was used to generate amino acid multiple sequence alignments (pairwise gap opening = 35 and gap extension = 0.75; multiple alignment gap opening = 15 and gap extension = 0.30; Gonnet series). Each alignment was processed using RevTrans (11). Bayesian posterior probability inference of phylogeny used MrBayes, version 3.084. MrBayes settings for the best-fit model (GTR+I+G) were selected by hierarchies for the likelihood ratio test in MrModeltest 2.0 (12). Bayesian analysis was performed with MrBayes; the maximum likelihood model used 6 substitution types (nst = 6). Rate variation across sites was modeled by using a gamma distribution, with a proportion of sites being invariant (rates = invgamma). The Markov chain Monte Carlo search was run for 1 million generations; trees were sampled every 100 generations (the first 4,000 trees were discarded as burn-in). NL, the Netherlands; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic inference relationships of the open reading frames encoding the hemagglutinin protein of selected strains of vaccinia, variola, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses and monkeypox virus isolates described in this study. Sequences used were cowpox virus Brighton (AF375089), variola virus Bangladesh (AF375129), vaccinia virus Lister (AY678276), monkeypox virus mpv 1997 (AF375096), mvp-squir (AF375112), mpv Zaire 77-0666 (Z99052), mpv-cncr (AF375102), mpv 74-226 (AF375099), mpv-082 (AF375095), mpv-utc (AF375113), and mpv-3945 (AF375098). ClustalW, version 1.83 (10), was used to generate amino acid multiple sequence alignments (pairwise gap opening = 35 and gap extension = 0.75; multiple alignment gap opening = 15 and gap extension = 0.30; Gonnet series). Each alignment was processed using RevTrans (11). Bayesian posterior probability inference of phylogeny used MrBayes, version 3.084. MrBayes settings for the best-fit model (GTR+I+G) were selected by hierarchies for the likelihood ratio test in MrModeltest 2.0 (12). Bayesian analysis was performed with MrBayes; the maximum likelihood model used 6 substitution types (nst = 6). Rate variation across sites was modeled by using a gamma distribution, with a proportion of sites being invariant (rates = invgamma). The Markov chain Monte Carlo search was run for 1 million generations; trees were sampled every 100 generations (the first 4,000 trees were discarded as burn-in). NL, the Netherlands; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo.

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