Volume 14, Number 9—September 2008
Research
Pigs as Source of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Infections in Humans, Denmark
Hannah C. Lewis, Kåre Mølbak, Catrin Reese, Frank M. Aarestrup, Mette Selchau, Marit Sørum, and Robert L. Skov
Table 1
Statistically significant associations by univariable analysis for infection with MRSA CC398, Denmark*
| Exposure variable | No. (%) case-patients exposed (n = 21) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for MRSA infection |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case–control study, population controls (n = 42) | Case–case study, non-CC398 case-patients (n = 39) | |||
| Animal and farm-related exposures | ||||
| Lived or worked on farm with animals | 14 (67) | 22.1 (2.9–170.3) | 11.6 (2.6–51.7) | |
| Worked with animals or meat | 11 (50) | 16.2 (2.0–127.8) | ∞† | |
| Worked on farm with animals | 10 (48) | ∞† | ∞† | |
| Lived on farm with animals | 9 (43) | 6.9 (1.5–32.8) | 7.9 (1.7–36.7) | |
| Exposure to pigs | 13 (62) | ∞† | ∞† | |
| Exposure to cattle | 6 (29) | ∞† | ∞† | |
| Exposure to other farm animals (hens, goats, sheep) | 7 (33) | 11.1 (1.4–92.4) | 5.9 (1.2–28.8) | |
| Provided antimicrobial drugs to animals | 10 (48) | ∞† | ∞† | |
| Contact with farm workers | 16 (76) | 5.2 (1.4–19.3) | ∞† | |
| Contact with farmer | 14 (67) | 3.2 (1.0–10.6) | ∞† | |
| Contact with veterinarian | 7 (33) | 6.3 (1.3–30.7) | 6.6 (1.4–31.8) | |
| Lived in countryside | 13 (62) | 7.2 (1.5–33.8) | 5.2 (1.4–18.9) | |
| Had cat in home | 11 (50) | 3.2 (1.0–10.6) | 3.4 (1.1–9.9) | |
| Used manure in garden | 7 (33) | 3.2 (0.9–11.0) | 6.6 (1.4–31.8) | |
| Visited farm, zoo, or stables |
12 (57) |
0.8 (0.3–2.4) |
4.7 (1.3–17.4) |
|
| Medical-related exposures | ||||
| Admission to hospital in 12 mo before diagnosis | 13 (62) | 6.8 (1.9–24.4) | 1.5 (0.4–5.2) | |
| Someone in household with chronic condition | 12 (57) | 3.8 (1.2–12.5) | 2.0 (0.8–9.3) | |
| Antimicrobial drug use in 12 mo before diagnosis | 9 (43) | 3.4 (1.0–11.5) | 2.6 (0.8–9.2) | |
| Contact with person with skin sore or other skin infection | 5 (26) | 8.6 (1–74.9) | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) | |
*MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CC, clonal complex.
†p<0.01, by unmatched analysis.
Page created: July 13, 2010
Page updated: July 13, 2010
Page reviewed: July 13, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.