Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 15, Number 3—March 2009
Dispatch

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in High-Risk Population, Turkey

Figures
Tables
Article Metrics
92
citations of this article
EID Journal Metrics on Scopus
Author affiliations: Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

Cite This Article

Abstract

In the Tokat and Sivas provinces of Turkey, the overall Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) seroprevalence was 12.8% among 782 members of a high-risk population. CCHFV seroprevalence was associated with history of tick bite or tick removal from animals, employment in animal husbandry or farming, and being >40 years of age.

Figure 1

Thumbnail of Districts of Tokat and Sivas provinces, Turkey, from which 782 persons at high risk for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection were sampled, 2006. Sample sites are indicated by black dots. (Map provided by Zati Vatansever and reproduced with permission.)

Figure 1. Districts of Tokat and Sivas provinces, Turkey, from which 782 persons at high risk for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection were sampled, 2006. Sample sites are indicated by black dots....

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection was first defined in Turkey in 2003 from persons who became sick during a 2002 CCHFV outbreak (1,2). During 2002–2007, CCHFV was confirmed serologically, virologically, or by both types of testing, in ≈1,800 persons, mainly in the Tokat and Sivas provinces of Turkey (Figure 1) (3). This region was then considered an epicenter for CCHFV epidemics (4). This study determined the seroprevalence of CCHFV in a high-risk population living in that region after 4 epidemic seasons and assessed transmission routes of CCHFV infection.

The Study

In June and September 2006, persons living in 56 villages of the 14 districts of Tokat and Sivas provinces (Figure 1) who had a risk for CCHFV infection other than occupational risk (i.e., healthcare, slaughterhouse work, and veterinary care) were randomly selected for the study. Villages and districts were selected based on residences of patients who were diagnosed with CCHFV infection and treated at Cumhuriyet University Hospital, Sivas, Turkey, during the 2005 CCHFV outbreak. Men and women were included in the study, but children <7 years of age were excluded because of difficulties in drawing blood samples and obtaining parental consent.

Using EPI Info version 6 software (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA) and assuming a CCHFV seroprevalence of 10% in the study population with 99% confidence levels, we calculated error limits of ± 3% and a design effect of 1. The estimated sample size required was 664, but the target sample size of high-risk persons was increased to 782. Another 100 persons who were not at high risk for CCHFV infection, but who lived in urban areas in the high-risk region and agreed to provide blood samples, were also included in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Cumhuriyet University Hospital Human Ethics Committee.

The CCHFV Seroprevalence Study Team in Turkey included a physician and a nurse who went to the selected villages and approached the heads of the village and selected families. They explained the objectives of the study and asked for written informed consent from participants or parents of participating minors and then administered an interview-based questionnaire and collected a blood sample. The questionnaire considered the following variables: age; sex; history of tick bite, tick removal from animals, animal abortion, and animal slaughtering activity; close contact with a CCHFV patient or an animal; and occupation. Blood samples (10 mL each) were collected and later tested for antibodies to CCHFV by using immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA kits (Vector-Best; Kolsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia). SPSS version 10.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows software was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. Statistical significance was defined as a 2-tailed p value <0.05. Univariate analysis was used to identify the risk factors for seropositivity of CCHFV in the 782 participants.

Figure 2

Thumbnail of Distribution of seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by age groups for 782 high-risk persons living in rural areas of Tokat and Sivas provinces, Turkey, 2006.

Figure 2. Distribution of seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by age groups for 782 high-risk persons living in rural areas of Tokat and Sivas provinces, Turkey, 2006.

Of the 782 high-risk persons, 100 were positive for IgG against CCHFV (seroprevalence 12.8%). The sex ratio was ≈1:1 (390 females, 392 males). Forty-seven (12.1%) of 390 female participants and 53 (13.5%) of 392 male participants were seropositive for CCHFV (p>0.05). Mean age was 41.5 years. Of the 100 serum samples collected in the urban population, only 2 (males 44 and 56 years of age) were seropositive. The CCHFV seroprevalence in the 782 persons at high risk increased significantly with age (p<0.001). The highest proportion (23.5%) of seropositivity was found in persons 61–70 years of age (p<0.001) (Table 1). Figure 2 shows distribution of the CCHFV seroprevalence in high-risk persons by age groups. The only variables significantly associated with presence of antibody against CCHFV were history of tick bite (p = 0.002) or of tick removal from the animals (p = 0.03), employment in animal husbandry (p = 0.01) or farming (p = 0.02), and age >40 years (p<0.001) (Table 2).

Conclusions

Serologic evidence of CCHFV in Turkey was reported in the 1970s (4). In 2003, the CCHFV seroprevalence among 40 veterinarians in the Tokat region was 2.5% (5). Another seroprevalence study conducted in 2003 among healthcare workers providing care to CCHFV patients in Turkey detected no seropositive persons (6). The present survey indicates that the seroprevalence of CCHFV is higher in persons living in rural areas than in urban areas of the CCHFV epicenter in Turkey (12.8% vs 2.0%). However, because special markets for animal trading are located on the outskirts of large cities in Iran, CCHFV seroprevalence was found to be higher among persons living in urban areas than in persons living in rural areas of this country (7). Living in a rural area is a risk factor for exposure to the tick vector and for acquiring CCHFV infection (8,9). Expected seroprevalence of CCHFV among high-risk persons during epidemics has been found to be 10% (3); however, seroprevalence has been reported to be as low as 0.5% in nonepidemic situations (10). Other studies conducted in rural parts of Iran and Senegal during epidemics showed that the CCHFV seroprevalence was 13%, comparable to our findings (9,11).

In the present study, history of tick bite and history of tick removal from animals were found to be significantly associated with CCHFV seropositivity. The overall tick-bite frequency was 62% (483/782) among persons at high risk and has been reported among 40%–60% of CCHFV patients in Turkey (4). We also determined that the occupations of animal husbandry and farming were significantly associated with CCHFV seropositivity. Vector ticks are generally present on the ground and on animals, which explains the risk for CCHFV infection in persons who work in farming and animal husbandry. Personal protective measures such as regular examination of clothing and skin for ticks, tick removal, and use of repellents are important to prevent CCHFV infection (12).

We did not identify any association between seroprevalence and gender but found that CCHFV seropositivity increased with age. In these regions of Turkey, women contribute to farming and animal husbandry tasks and are exposed to ticks and livestock as often as men are. However, age >40 years was significantly associated with CCHFV seropositivity and reflects the age of workers in Turkish agricultural areas (4,8,13). Increased CCHFV seroprevalence with age may result from increased opportunities of contact with vector ticks (14).

Exposure to blood and tissues of viremic animals during slaughter is a source of infection (12,14). However, we did not identify any association between CCHFV seropositivity and contact with animals. This finding may result from a low number of viremic animals in our study region. It is known that domestic animals generally have low levels of viremia, which lasts a short time (15). However, in our study region, 79% of animals have been found to be seropositive against CCHFV (4).

In the study population, 89 (11.4%) persons had a history of close contact with a CCHFV-infected patient. Among these 89 persons, 14 (15.7%) were seropositive, but this transmission route for CCHFV was not statistically significant for our study population. However, protection against this potential transmission route is especially important for healthcare workers in hospitals that provide care to CCHFV case-patients (12).

This study indicated that tick exposure is the most statistically significant transmission route for CCHFV in a high-risk population in Turkey. Effective tick prevention aids such as tick repellents may help reduce the risk. On the other hand, the absence of CCHFV seropositivity in 87.2% of the population after 4 CCHFV outbreaks in Turkey may suggest that this population remains at risk for infection in the future. This knowledge may help public health authorities determine appropriate CCHFV intervention and prevention methods.

Dr Gunes is an assistant professor of clinical microbiology at the Vocational School of Health Services, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. His research interests include vector-borne diseases and parasitosis.

Top

Acknowledgments

We thank the participants who provided blood samples, and Onder Ergonul and Zati Vatansever for suggestions in reviewing the manuscript.

The study was funded by Cumhuriyet Universitesi Bilimsel Arastirma Projeleri Komisyonu Baskanligi (CUBAP) of Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey (SHMYO-005).

Top

References

  1. Bakir  M, Ugurlu  M, Dokuzoguz  B, Bodur  H, Tasyaran  MA, Vahaboglu  H; Turkish CCHF Study Group. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:3859. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Gozalan  A, Akin  L, Rolain  JM, Tapar  FS, Oncul  O, Yoshikura  H, Epidemiological evaluation of a possible outbreak in and nearby Tokat province [in Turkish]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2004;38:3344.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Ministry of Health. Turkey. Reports of the Communicable Diseases Department. [in Turkish]. Ankara (Turkey): The Ministry; 2007.
  4. Vatansever  Z, Uzun  R, Estrada-Pena  A, Ergonul  O. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. Amsterdam: Springer; 2007. p. 59–74.
  5. Ergonul  O, Zeller  H, Kilic  S, Kutlu  S, Kutlu  M, Cavusoglu  S, Zoonotic infections among veterinarians in Turkey: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and beyond. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10:4659. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Ergonul  O, Zeller  H, Celikbas  A, Dokuzoguz  B. The lack of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in healthcare workers in an endemic region. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11:4851. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Izadi  S, Holakouie-Naieni  K, Majdzadeh  SR, Chinikar  S, Nadim  A, Rakhshani  F, Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan-va-Baluchestan province of Iran. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006;59:3268.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Ozkurt  Z, Kiki  I, Erol  S, Erdem  F, Yilmaz  N, Parlak  M, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Turkey: clinical features, risk factors and efficacy of ribavirin therapy. J Infect. 2006;52:20715. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Saidi  S, Casals  J, Faghih  MA. Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in domestic and small mammals, in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975;24:3537.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Mathiot  CC, Fontenille  D, Georges  AJ, Coulanges  P. Antibodies to haemorrhagic fever viruses in Madagascar populations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83:4079. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Chapman  LE, Wilson  ML, Hall  DB, LeGuenno  B, Dykstra  EA, Ba  K, Risk factors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in rural northern Senegal. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:68692.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Ergonul  O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:20314. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Ergonul  O, Celikbas  A, Dokuzoguz  B, Eren  S, Baykam  N, Esener  H. The characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in a recent outbreak in Turkey and the impact of oral ribavirin therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:2848. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Hoogstraal  H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol. 1979;15:307417.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Nalca  A, Whitehouse  CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in animals. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. Amsterdam: Springer; 2007. p. 155–65.

Top

Figures
Tables

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1503.080687

Table of Contents – Volume 15, Number 3—March 2009

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Nazif Elaldi, Cumhuriyet University, Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Bacteriology, 58140, Sivas, Turkey;

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: December 07, 2010
Page updated: December 07, 2010
Page reviewed: December 07, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external