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Issue Cover for Volume 15, Number 3—March 2009

Volume 15, Number 3—March 2009

[PDF - 5.95 MB - 159 pages]

Perspective

Meeting the Challenge of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries [PDF - 196 KB - 7 pages]
D. S. Fedson

Developing countries face unique difficulties preparing for an influenza pandemic. Our current top-down approach will not provide these countries with adequate supplies of vaccines and antiviral agents. Consequently, they will have to use a bottom-up approach based on inexpensive generic agents that either modify the host response to influenza virus or act as antiviral agents. Several of these agents have shown promise, and many are currently produced in developing countries. Investigators must primarily identify agents for managing infection in populations and not simply seek explanations for how they work. They must determine in which countries these agents are produced and define patterns of distribution and costs. Because prepandemic research cannot establish whether these agents will be effective in a pandemic, randomized controlled trials must begin immediately after a new pandemic virus has emerged. Without this research, industrialized and developing countries could face an unprecedented health crisis.

EID Fedson DS. Meeting the Challenge of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):365-371. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080857
AMA Fedson DS. Meeting the Challenge of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):365-371. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080857.
APA Fedson, D. S. (2009). Meeting the Challenge of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 365-371. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080857.
Research

Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Strains Negative for Locus of Enterocyte Effacement [PDF - 317 KB - 9 pages]
H. J. Newton et al.

Most Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections that are associated with severe sequelae such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are caused by attaching and effacing pathogens that carry the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). However, a proportion of STEC isolates that do not carry LEE have been associated with HUS. To clarify the emergence of LEE-negative STEC, we compared the genetic composition of the virulence plasmids pO113 and pO157 from LEE-negative and LEE-positive STEC, respectively. The complete nucleotide sequence of pO113 showed that several plasmid genes were shared by STEC O157:H7. In addition, allelic profiling of the ehxA gene demonstrated that pO113 belongs to a different evolutionary lineage than pO157 and that the virulence plasmids of LEE-negative STEC strains were highly related. In contrast, multilocus sequence typing of 17 LEE-negative STEC isolates showed several clonal groups, suggesting that pathogenic LEE-negative STEC has emerged several times throughout its evolution.

EID Newton HJ, Sloan J, Bulach DM, Seemann T, Allison CC, Tauschek M, et al. Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Strains Negative for Locus of Enterocyte Effacement. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):372-380. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080631
AMA Newton HJ, Sloan J, Bulach DM, et al. Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Strains Negative for Locus of Enterocyte Effacement. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):372-380. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080631.
APA Newton, H. J., Sloan, J., Bulach, D. M., Seemann, T., Allison, C. C., Tauschek, M....Hartland, E. L. (2009). Shiga Toxin–producing Escherichia coli Strains Negative for Locus of Enterocyte Effacement. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 372-380. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080631.

Sources of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in the Netherlands [PDF - 207 KB - 7 pages]
S. A. Rutjes et al.

Non–travel-related hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 infections in persons in the Netherlands may have a zoonotic, foodborne, or water-borne origin. Possible reservoirs for HEV transmission by water, food, and animals were studied. HEV genotype 3/open reading frame 2 sequences were detected in 53% of pig farms, 4% of wild boar feces, and 17% of surface water samples. HEV sequences grouped within 4 genotype 3 clusters, of which 1 is so far unique to the Netherlands. The 2 largest clusters contained 35% and 43% of the animal and environmental sequences and 75% and 6%, respectively, of human HEV sequences obtained from a study on Dutch hepatitis E patients. This finding suggests that infection risk may be also dependent on transmission routes other than the ones currently studied. Besides the route of exposure, virus characteristics may be an important determinant for HEV disease in humans.

EID Rutjes SA, Lodder WJ, Lodder-Verschoor F, van den Berg HH, Vennema H, Duizer E, et al. Sources of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):381-387. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071472
AMA Rutjes SA, Lodder WJ, Lodder-Verschoor F, et al. Sources of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):381-387. doi:10.3201/eid1503.071472.
APA Rutjes, S. A., Lodder, W. J., Lodder-Verschoor, F., van den Berg, H. H., Vennema, H., Duizer, E....Husman, A. M. (2009). Sources of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071472.

Integron-mediated Multidrug Resistance in a Global Collection of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates [PDF - 359 KB - 9 pages]
M. G. Krauland et al.

Salmonella enterica bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, partly as a result of genes carried on integrons. Clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer may contribute to the spread of antimicrobial drug–resistance integrons in these organisms. We investigated this resistance and integron carriage among 90 isolates with the ACSSuT phenotype (resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline) in a global collection of S. enterica isolates. Four integrons, dfrA12/orfF/aadA2, dfrA1/aadA1, dfrA7, and arr2/blaOXA30/cmlA5/aadA2, were found in genetically unrelated isolates from 8 countries on 4 continents, which supports a role for horizontal gene transfer in the global dissemination of S. enterica multidrug resistance. Serovar Typhimurium isolates containing identical integrons with the gene cassettes blaPSE1 and aadA2 were found in 4 countries on 3 continents, which supports the role of clonal expansion. This study demonstrates that clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer contribute to the global dissemination of antimicrobial drug resistance in S. enterica.

EID Krauland MG, Marsh JW, Paterson DL, Harrison LH. Integron-mediated Multidrug Resistance in a Global Collection of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):388-396. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081131
AMA Krauland MG, Marsh JW, Paterson DL, et al. Integron-mediated Multidrug Resistance in a Global Collection of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):388-396. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081131.
APA Krauland, M. G., Marsh, J. W., Paterson, D. L., & Harrison, L. H. (2009). Integron-mediated Multidrug Resistance in a Global Collection of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081131.

Coccidioidal Pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000–2004 [PDF - 177 KB - 5 pages]
M. M. Kim et al.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) often results in severe illness and death. In large, geographically defined areas where Coccidioides spp. are endemic, coccidioidomycosis is a recognized cause of CAP, but its frequency has not been studied extensively. To determine the frequency of patients with coccidioidomycosis, we conducted a prospective evaluation of 59 patients with CAP in the Phoenix, Arizona, area. Of 35 for whom paired coccidioidal serologic testing was performed, 6 (17%) had evidence of acute coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioidal pneumonia was more likely than noncoccidioidal CAP to produce rash. The following were not found to be risk factors or reliable predictors of infection: demographic features, underlying medical conditions, duration of time spent in disease-endemic areas, occupational and recreational activities, initial laboratory studies, and chest radiography findings. Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of CAP in our patient population. In the absence of distinguishing clinical features, coccidioidal pneumonia can be identified only with appropriate laboratory studies.

EID Kim MM, Blair JE, Carey EJ, Wu Q, Smilack JD. Coccidioidal Pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000–2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):397-401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081007
AMA Kim MM, Blair JE, Carey EJ, et al. Coccidioidal Pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000–2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):397-401. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081007.
APA Kim, M. M., Blair, J. E., Carey, E. J., Wu, Q., & Smilack, J. D. (2009). Coccidioidal Pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000–2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081007.

Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses A (H5N1) from Wild Birds, Hong Kong, 2004–2008 [PDF - 201 KB - 6 pages]
G. J. Smith et al.

From January 2004 through June 2008, surveillance of dead wild birds in Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China, periodically detected highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (H5N1) in individual birds from different species. During this period, no viruses of subtype H5N1 were detected in poultry on farms and in markets in Hong Kong despite intensive surveillance. Thus, these findings in wild birds demonstrate the potential for wild birds to disseminate HPAI viruses (H5N1) to areas otherwise free from the viruses. Genetic and antigenic characterization of 47 HPAI (H5N1) viruses isolated from dead wild birds in Hong Kong showed that these isolates belonged to 2 antigenically distinct virus groups: clades 2.3.4 and 2.3.2. Although research has shown that clade 2.3.4 viruses are established in poultry in Asia, the emergence of clade 2.3.2 viruses in nonpasserine birds from Hong Kong, Japan, and Russia raises the possibility that this virus lineage may have become established in wild birds.

EID Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Ellis TM, Dyrting KC, Leung Y, Bahl J, et al. Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses A (H5N1) from Wild Birds, Hong Kong, 2004–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):402-407. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081190
AMA Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Ellis TM, et al. Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses A (H5N1) from Wild Birds, Hong Kong, 2004–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):402-407. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081190.
APA Smith, G. J., Vijaykrishna, D., Ellis, T. M., Dyrting, K. C., Leung, Y., Bahl, J....Guan, Y. (2009). Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses A (H5N1) from Wild Birds, Hong Kong, 2004–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 402-407. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081190.

Prevalence and Seasonality of Influenza-like Illness in Children, Nicaragua, 2005–2007 [PDF - 156 KB - 7 pages]
A. Gordon et al.

Although information about seasonality and prevalence of influenza is crucial for development of effective prevention and control strategies, limited data exist on the epidemiology of influenza in tropical countries. To better understand influenza in Nicaragua, we performed a prospective 2-year cohort study of influenza-like illness (ILI) involving 4,276 children, 2–11 years of age, in Managua, during April 2005–April 2007. One peak of ILI activity occurred during 2005, in June–July; 2 peaks occurred during 2006, in June–July and November–December. The rate of ILI was 34.8/100 person-years. A household risk factor survey administered to a subset (61%) of participants identified the following risk factors: young age, asthma, and increasing person density in the household. Influenza virus circulation was confirmed during each ILI peak by laboratory testing of a subset of samples. Our findings demonstrate a high rate of ILI, with seasonal peaks, in children in Nicaragua.

EID Gordon A, Ortega O, Kuan G, Reingold AL, Saborio S, Balmaseda A, et al. Prevalence and Seasonality of Influenza-like Illness in Children, Nicaragua, 2005–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):408-414. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080238
AMA Gordon A, Ortega O, Kuan G, et al. Prevalence and Seasonality of Influenza-like Illness in Children, Nicaragua, 2005–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):408-414. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080238.
APA Gordon, A., Ortega, O., Kuan, G., Reingold, A. L., Saborio, S., Balmaseda, A....Harris, E. (2009). Prevalence and Seasonality of Influenza-like Illness in Children, Nicaragua, 2005–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 408-414. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080238.

Medscape CME Activity
Clinical Risk Factors for Severe Clostridium difficile–associated Disease [PDF - 228 KB - 8 pages]
T. J. Henrich et al.

Identifying patients who are at high risk for severe Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD) early in the course of their infection may help clinicians improve outcomes. Therefore, we compared clinical features associated with severe versus nonsevere CDAD by retrospectively reviewing records of hospitalized patients whose fecal assays were positive for C. difficile toxin. Of 336 patients, 12.2% had severe disease and 10.1% died from all causes. Regression modeling showed the following to be significantly associated with severe CDAD (p<0.05): age >70 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.35), maximum leukocyte count >20,000 cells/mL (OR 2.77), minimum albumin level <2.5 g/dL (OR 3.44), maximum creatinine level >2 mg/dL (OR 2.47), small bowel obstruction or ileus (OR 3.06), and computed tomography scan showing colorectal inflammation (OR 13.54). These clinical and laboratory markers for severe disease may be useful for identifying patients at risk for serious outcomes or death.

EID Henrich TJ, Krakower D, Bitton A, Yokoe DS. Clinical Risk Factors for Severe Clostridium difficile–associated Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):415-422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080312
AMA Henrich TJ, Krakower D, Bitton A, et al. Clinical Risk Factors for Severe Clostridium difficile–associated Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):415-422. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080312.
APA Henrich, T. J., Krakower, D., Bitton, A., & Yokoe, D. S. (2009). Clinical Risk Factors for Severe Clostridium difficile–associated Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 415-422. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080312.

Capacity of Thailand to Contain an Emerging Influenza Pandemic [PDF - 1.45 MB - 10 pages]
W. Putthasri et al.

Southeast Asia will likely be the epicenter of the next influenza pandemic. To determine whether health system resources in Thailand are sufficient to contain an emerging pandemic, we mapped health system resources in 76 provinces. We used 3 prepandemic scenarios of clustered cases and determined resource needs, availability, and gaps. We extended this analysis to a scenario of a modest pandemic and assumed that the same standards of clinical care would be required. We found that gaps exist in many resource categories, even under scenarios in which few cases occur. Such gaps are likely to be profound if a severe pandemic occurs. These gaps exist in infrastructure, personnel and materials, and surveillance capacity. Policy makers must determine whether such resource gaps can realistically be closed, ideally before a pandemic occurs. Alternatively, explicit assumptions must be made regarding allocation of scarce resources, standards of care, and priority setting during a pandemic.

EID Putthasri W, Lertiendumrong J, Chompook P, Tangcharoensathien V, Coker R. Capacity of Thailand to Contain an Emerging Influenza Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):423-432. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080872
AMA Putthasri W, Lertiendumrong J, Chompook P, et al. Capacity of Thailand to Contain an Emerging Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):423-432. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080872.
APA Putthasri, W., Lertiendumrong, J., Chompook, P., Tangcharoensathien, V., & Coker, R. (2009). Capacity of Thailand to Contain an Emerging Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 423-432. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080872.
Dispatches

Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany [PDF - 530 KB - 3 pages]
F. J. Conraths et al.

In Germany, bluetongue disease had not been reported before 2006. During August 2006–August 2008, >24,000 bluetongue virus serotype 8 infections were reported, most (20,635) in 2007. In 2006 and 2007, respectively, case-fatality rates were 6.4% and 13.1% for cattle and 37.5% and 41.5% for sheep. Vaccination in 2008 decreased cases.

EID Conraths FJ, Gethmann JM, Staubach C, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):433-435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081210
AMA Conraths FJ, Gethmann JM, Staubach C, et al. Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):433-435. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081210.
APA Conraths, F. J., Gethmann, J. M., Staubach, C., Mettenleiter, T. C., Beer, M., & Hoffmann, B. (2009). Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 433-435. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081210.

Evaluation of Commercially Available Anti–Dengue Virus Immunoglobulin M Tests [PDF - 323 KB - 4 pages]
E. A. Hunsperger et al.

Anti–dengue virus immunoglobulin M kits were evaluated. Test sensitivities were 21%–99% and specificities were 77%–98% compared with reference ELISAs. False-positive results were found for patients with malaria or past dengue infections. Three ELISAs showing strong agreement with reference ELISAs will be included in the World Health Organization Bulk Procurement Scheme.

EID Hunsperger EA, Yoksan S, Buchy P, Nguyen VC, Sekaran SD, Enria DA, et al. Evaluation of Commercially Available Anti–Dengue Virus Immunoglobulin M Tests. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):436-439. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080923
AMA Hunsperger EA, Yoksan S, Buchy P, et al. Evaluation of Commercially Available Anti–Dengue Virus Immunoglobulin M Tests. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):436-439. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080923.
APA Hunsperger, E. A., Yoksan, S., Buchy, P., Nguyen, V. C., Sekaran, S. D., Enria, D. A....Peeling, R. W. (2009). Evaluation of Commercially Available Anti–Dengue Virus Immunoglobulin M Tests. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 436-439. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080923.

Detection of Newly Described Astrovirus MLB1 in Stool Samples from Children [PDF - 581 KB - 4 pages]
S. R. Finkbeiner et al.

The prevalence of the recently identified astrovirus MLB1 in a cohort of children with diarrhea in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, was defined by reverse transcription–PCR. Of 254 stool specimens collected in 2008, 4 were positive for astrovirus MLB1. These results show that astrovirus MLB1 is circulating in North America.

EID Finkbeiner SR, Le B, Holtz LR, Storch GA, Wang D. Detection of Newly Described Astrovirus MLB1 in Stool Samples from Children. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):441-444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081213
AMA Finkbeiner SR, Le B, Holtz LR, et al. Detection of Newly Described Astrovirus MLB1 in Stool Samples from Children. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):441-444. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081213.
APA Finkbeiner, S. R., Le, B., Holtz, L. R., Storch, G. A., & Wang, D. (2009). Detection of Newly Described Astrovirus MLB1 in Stool Samples from Children. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 441-444. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081213.

Introduction into Nigeria of a Distinct Genotype of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) [PDF - 212 KB - 3 pages]
A. Fusaro et al.

Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) isolated in July 2008 in Nigeria indicates that a distinct genotype, never before detected in Africa, reached the continent. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses are genetically closely related to European and Middle Eastern influenza A (H5N1) isolates detected in 2007.

EID Fusaro A, Joannis T, Monne I, Salviato A, Yakubu B, Meseko C, et al. Introduction into Nigeria of a Distinct Genotype of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):445-447. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081161
AMA Fusaro A, Joannis T, Monne I, et al. Introduction into Nigeria of a Distinct Genotype of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):445-447. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081161.
APA Fusaro, A., Joannis, T., Monne, I., Salviato, A., Yakubu, B., Meseko, C....Cattoli, G. (2009). Introduction into Nigeria of a Distinct Genotype of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081161.

Border Disease Virus among Chamois, Spain [PDF - 169 KB - 4 pages]
I. Marco et al.

Approximately 3,000 Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) died in northeastern Spain during 2005–2007. Border disease virus infection was identified by reverse transcription–PCR and sequencing analysis. These results implicate this virus as the primary cause of death, similar to findings in the previous epizootic in 2001.

EID Marco I, Rosell R, Cabezón O, Mentaberre G, Casas E, Velarde R, et al. Border Disease Virus among Chamois, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):448-451. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081155
AMA Marco I, Rosell R, Cabezón O, et al. Border Disease Virus among Chamois, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):448-451. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081155.
APA Marco, I., Rosell, R., Cabezón, O., Mentaberre, G., Casas, E., Velarde, R....Lavín, S. (2009). Border Disease Virus among Chamois, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 448-451. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081155.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry [PDF - 96 KB - 2 pages]
D. Persoons et al.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been detected in several species and animal-derived products. To determine whether MRSA is present in poultry, we sampled 50 laying hens and 75 broiler chickens. MRSA was found in some broiler chickens but no laying hens. In all samples, spa type t1456 was found.

EID Persoons D, Van Hoorebeke S, Hermans K, Butaye P, de Kruif A, Haesebrouck F, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):452-453. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080696
AMA Persoons D, Van Hoorebeke S, Hermans K, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):452-453. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080696.
APA Persoons, D., Van Hoorebeke, S., Hermans, K., Butaye, P., de Kruif, A., Haesebrouck, F....Dewulf, J. (2009). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 452-453. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080696.

Human Bocavirus and KI/WU Polyomaviruses in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients [PDF - 193 KB - 4 pages]
A. C. van de Pol et al.

We evaluated the prevalence of human bocavirus and KI and WU polyomaviruses in pediatric intensive care patients with and without lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The prevalence of these viruses was 5.1%, 0%, and 2.6%, respectively, in children with LRTI and 4.8%, 4.8%, and 2.4%, respectively, in those without LRTI.

EID van de Pol AC, Wolfs TF, Jansen NJ, Kimpen JL, van Loon AM, Rossen JW. Human Bocavirus and KI/WU Polyomaviruses in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):454-457. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081203
AMA van de Pol AC, Wolfs TF, Jansen NJ, et al. Human Bocavirus and KI/WU Polyomaviruses in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):454-457. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081203.
APA van de Pol, A. C., Wolfs, T. F., Jansen, N. J., Kimpen, J. L., van Loon, A. M., & Rossen, J. W. (2009). Human Bocavirus and KI/WU Polyomaviruses in Pediatric Intensive Care Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 454-457. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081203.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs, Brazil [PDF - 209 KB - 3 pages]
M. B. Labruna et al.

Clinical illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii in dogs has been reported solely in the United States. We report 2 natural clinical cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs in Brazil. Each case was confirmed by seroconversion and molecular analysis and resolved after doxycycline therapy.

EID Labruna MB, Kamakura O, Moraes-Filho J, Horta MC, Pacheco RC. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):458-460. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081227
AMA Labruna MB, Kamakura O, Moraes-Filho J, et al. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):458-460. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081227.
APA Labruna, M. B., Kamakura, O., Moraes-Filho, J., Horta, M. C., & Pacheco, R. C. (2009). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 458-460. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081227.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in High-Risk Population, Turkey [PDF - 250 KB - 4 pages]
T. Gunes et al.

In the Tokat and Sivas provinces of Turkey, the overall Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) seroprevalence was 12.8% among 782 members of a high-risk population. CCHFV seroprevalence was associated with history of tick bite or tick removal from animals, employment in animal husbandry or farming, and being >40 years of age.

EID Gunes T, Engin A, Poyraz O, Elaldi N, Kaya S, Dokmetas I, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in High-Risk Population, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):461-464. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080687
AMA Gunes T, Engin A, Poyraz O, et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in High-Risk Population, Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):461-464. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080687.
APA Gunes, T., Engin, A., Poyraz, O., Elaldi, N., Kaya, S., Dokmetas, I....Cinar, Z. (2009). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in High-Risk Population, Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 461-464. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080687.

Sudden Increases in Listeriosis Rates in England and Wales, 2001 and 2003 [PDF - 263 KB - 4 pages]
B. J. Cairns and R. J. Payne

The monthly incidence of listeriosis infections in England and Wales had 2 sudden increases during April 2001 (41%) and March 2003 (48%). Although no causative association is demonstrated, these increases correspond to key dates relating to the onset and aftermath of the 2001 foot and mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom.

EID Cairns BJ, Payne RJ. Sudden Increases in Listeriosis Rates in England and Wales, 2001 and 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):465-468. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071432
AMA Cairns BJ, Payne RJ. Sudden Increases in Listeriosis Rates in England and Wales, 2001 and 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):465-468. doi:10.3201/eid1503.071432.
APA Cairns, B. J., & Payne, R. J. (2009). Sudden Increases in Listeriosis Rates in England and Wales, 2001 and 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 465-468. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071432.

Coordinated Implementation of Chikungunya Virus Reverse Transcription–PCR [PDF - 157 KB - 3 pages]
M. Panning et al.

A preformulated chikungunya virus real-time reverse transcription–PCR, quality-confirmed oligonucleotides, and noninfectious virus controls were distributed by the European Network for the Diagnosis of Imported Viral Diseases. An international proficiency study with 31 participants demonstrated that ad hoc implementation of molecular diagnostics was feasible and successful.

EID Panning M, Charrel RN, Mantke OD, Landt O, Niedrig M, Park S. Coordinated Implementation of Chikungunya Virus Reverse Transcription–PCR. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):469-471. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081104
AMA Panning M, Charrel RN, Mantke OD, et al. Coordinated Implementation of Chikungunya Virus Reverse Transcription–PCR. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):469-471. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081104.
APA Panning, M., Charrel, R. N., Mantke, O. D., Landt, O., Niedrig, M., & Park, S. (2009). Coordinated Implementation of Chikungunya Virus Reverse Transcription–PCR. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 469-471. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081104.

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Malian Orphanage [PDF - 307 KB - 2 pages]
D. Tandé et al.

We show high rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae carriage among the staff and children at an orphanage in Bamako, Mali. Enterobacteriaceae colonized in 100% and 63%, respectively, of the 38 children and 30 adults studied. Use of antimicrobial drugs appeared excessive and inappropriate; decontamination and hygiene protocols were also questioned.

EID Tandé D, Jallot N, Bougoudogo F, Montagnon T, Gouriou S, Sizun J. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Malian Orphanage. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):472-474. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071637
AMA Tandé D, Jallot N, Bougoudogo F, et al. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Malian Orphanage. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):472-474. doi:10.3201/eid1503.071637.
APA Tandé, D., Jallot, N., Bougoudogo, F., Montagnon, T., Gouriou, S., & Sizun, J. (2009). Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Malian Orphanage. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 472-474. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071637.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia [PDF - 191 KB - 4 pages]
S. Desvaux et al.

From December 2003 through January 2004, the Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Centre, Cambodia, was affected by the highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N1). Birds from 26 species died. Influenza virus subtype H5N1 was detected in 6 of 7 species tested. Cats from 5 of 7 species were probably infected; none died.

EID Desvaux S, Marx N, Ong S, Gaidet N, Hunt M, Manuguerra J, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):475-478. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071410
AMA Desvaux S, Marx N, Ong S, et al. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):475-478. doi:10.3201/eid1503.071410.
APA Desvaux, S., Marx, N., Ong, S., Gaidet, N., Hunt, M., Manuguerra, J....Reynes, J. (2009). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Outbreak in Captive Wild Birds and Cats, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 475-478. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071410.

Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease [PDF - 164 KB - 3 pages]
M. Atiq et al.

In the United States, the seroprevalence rate for hepatitis E virus (HEV) is ≈20%. This study examined HEV seroprevalence in persons with and without chronic liver disease. Our data indicate that HEV seropositivity is high in patients with chronic liver disease and that HEV seroprevalence increases significantly with age.

EID Atiq M, Shire NJ, Barrett A, Rouster SD, Sherman KE, Shata MT. Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):479-481. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080740
AMA Atiq M, Shire NJ, Barrett A, et al. Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):479-481. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080740.
APA Atiq, M., Shire, N. J., Barrett, A., Rouster, S. D., Sherman, K. E., & Shata, M. T. (2009). Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 479-481. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080740.

Detection of Novel SARS-like and Other Coronaviruses in Bats from Kenya [PDF - 242 KB - 4 pages]
S. Tong et al.

Diverse coronaviruses have been identified in bats from several continents but not from Africa. We identified group 1 and 2 coronaviruses in bats in Kenya, including SARS-related coronaviruses. The sequence diversity suggests that bats are well-established reservoirs for and likely sources of coronaviruses for many species, including humans.

EID Tong S, Conrardy C, Ruone S, Kuzmin IV, Guo X, Tao Y, et al. Detection of Novel SARS-like and Other Coronaviruses in Bats from Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):482-485. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081013
AMA Tong S, Conrardy C, Ruone S, et al. Detection of Novel SARS-like and Other Coronaviruses in Bats from Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):482-485. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081013.
APA Tong, S., Conrardy, C., Ruone, S., Kuzmin, I. V., Guo, X., Tao, Y....Rupprecht, C. E. (2009). Detection of Novel SARS-like and Other Coronaviruses in Bats from Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 482-485. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081013.

Rickettsia spp. in Ticks, Poland [PDF - 207 KB - 3 pages]
T. Chmielewski et al.

Ticks are recognized as the main vectors and reservoirs of spotted fever group rickettsiae. We searched for the most prevalent Rickettsia spp. in Poland and found R. slovaca and R. helvetica bacteria in ticks in southern and central Poland; R. raoulti was found in ticks in all parts of Poland.

EID Chmielewski T, Podsiadly E, Karbowiak G, Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S. Rickettsia spp. in Ticks, Poland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):486-488. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080711
AMA Chmielewski T, Podsiadly E, Karbowiak G, et al. Rickettsia spp. in Ticks, Poland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):486-488. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080711.
APA Chmielewski, T., Podsiadly, E., Karbowiak, G., & Tylewska-Wierzbanowska, S. (2009). Rickettsia spp. in Ticks, Poland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 486-488. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080711.

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Respiratory Tract Secretions [PDF - 222 KB - 3 pages]
S. Goh et al.

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), associated with Merkel cell carcinoma, was detected in 27 of 635 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples by real-time PCR. MCPyV was more commonly found in adults than in children. Presence in the upper respiratory tract may be a general property of human PyVs.

EID Goh S, Lindau C, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Allander T. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Respiratory Tract Secretions. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):489-491. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081206
AMA Goh S, Lindau C, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Respiratory Tract Secretions. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):489-491. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081206.
APA Goh, S., Lindau, C., Tiveljung-Lindell, A., & Allander, T. (2009). Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Respiratory Tract Secretions. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 489-491. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081206.

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Respiratory Specimens from Children and Adults [PDF - 169 KB - 3 pages]
S. Bialasiewicz et al.

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA was detected in 7 (1.3%) of 526 respiratory tract samples from patients in Australia with upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms. Partial T antigen and major capsid protein sequences of MCPyV identified in respiratory secretions showed high homology (99%–100%) to those found in Merkel cell carcinoma.

EID Bialasiewicz S, Lambert SB, Whiley DM, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Respiratory Specimens from Children and Adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):492-494. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081067
AMA Bialasiewicz S, Lambert SB, Whiley DM, et al. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Respiratory Specimens from Children and Adults. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):492-494. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081067.
APA Bialasiewicz, S., Lambert, S. B., Whiley, D. M., Nissen, M. D., & Sloots, T. P. (2009). Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Respiratory Specimens from Children and Adults. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 492-494. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081067.
Letters

Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Chikungunya Infection [PDF - 94 KB - 2 pages]
G. Lebrun et al.
EID Lebrun G, Chadda K, Reboux A, Martinet O, Gaüzère B. Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Chikungunya Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):495-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071482
AMA Lebrun G, Chadda K, Reboux A, et al. Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Chikungunya Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):495-496. doi:10.3201/eid1503.071482.
APA Lebrun, G., Chadda, K., Reboux, A., Martinet, O., & Gaüzère, B. (2009). Guillain-Barré Syndrome after Chikungunya Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 495-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071482.

Cockroaches (Ectobius vittiventris) in an Intensive Care Unit, Switzerland [PDF - 95 KB - 2 pages]
I. Uçkay et al.
EID Uçkay I, Sax H, Di Pietro SL, Baur H, Boulch M, Akakpo C, et al. Cockroaches (Ectobius vittiventris) in an Intensive Care Unit, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):496-497. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071484
AMA Uçkay I, Sax H, Di Pietro SL, et al. Cockroaches (Ectobius vittiventris) in an Intensive Care Unit, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):496-497. doi:10.3201/eid1503.071484.
APA Uçkay, I., Sax, H., Di Pietro, S. L., Baur, H., Boulch, M., Akakpo, C....Pittet, D. (2009). Cockroaches (Ectobius vittiventris) in an Intensive Care Unit, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 496-497. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.071484.

Cutaneous Anthrax, West Bengal, India, 2007 [PDF - 85 KB - 3 pages]
T. K. Ray et al.
EID Ray TK, Hutin YJ, Murhekar MV. Cutaneous Anthrax, West Bengal, India, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):497-499. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080972
AMA Ray TK, Hutin YJ, Murhekar MV. Cutaneous Anthrax, West Bengal, India, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):497-499. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080972.
APA Ray, T. K., Hutin, Y. J., & Murhekar, M. V. (2009). Cutaneous Anthrax, West Bengal, India, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 497-499. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080972.

Cat-to-Human Orthopoxvirus Transmission, Northeastern Italy [PDF - 113 KB - 2 pages]
F. Carletti et al.
EID Carletti F, Bordi L, Castilletti C, Di Caro A, Falasca L, Gioia C, et al. Cat-to-Human Orthopoxvirus Transmission, Northeastern Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):499-500. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080813
AMA Carletti F, Bordi L, Castilletti C, et al. Cat-to-Human Orthopoxvirus Transmission, Northeastern Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):499-500. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080813.
APA Carletti, F., Bordi, L., Castilletti, C., Di Caro, A., Falasca, L., Gioia, C....Capobianchi, M. (2009). Cat-to-Human Orthopoxvirus Transmission, Northeastern Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 499-500. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080813.

Pertussis in Afghanistan, 2007–2008 [PDF - 79 KB - 1 page]
R. M. Kakar et al.
EID Kakar RM, Mojadidi MK, Mofleh J. Pertussis in Afghanistan, 2007–2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):501. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080982
AMA Kakar RM, Mojadidi MK, Mofleh J. Pertussis in Afghanistan, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):501. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080982.
APA Kakar, R. M., Mojadidi, M. K., & Mofleh, J. (2009). Pertussis in Afghanistan, 2007–2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 501. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080982.

Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– in Migratory Birds, Italy [PDF - 126 KB - 2 pages]
M. Foti et al.
EID Foti M, Daidone A, Aleo A, Pizzimenti A, Giacopello C, Mammina C. Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– in Migratory Birds, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):502-503. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080039
AMA Foti M, Daidone A, Aleo A, et al. Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– in Migratory Birds, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):502-503. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080039.
APA Foti, M., Daidone, A., Aleo, A., Pizzimenti, A., Giacopello, C., & Mammina, C. (2009). Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– in Migratory Birds, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 502-503. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080039.

Comet Sign (and Other) in Pyemotes Dermatitis [PDF - 121 KB - 2 pages]
J. B. Bellido-Blasco et al.
EID Bellido-Blasco JB, Arnedo-Pena A, Valcuende F. Comet Sign (and Other) in Pyemotes Dermatitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):503-504. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081461
AMA Bellido-Blasco JB, Arnedo-Pena A, Valcuende F. Comet Sign (and Other) in Pyemotes Dermatitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):503-504. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081461.
APA Bellido-Blasco, J. B., Arnedo-Pena, A., & Valcuende, F. (2009). Comet Sign (and Other) in Pyemotes Dermatitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 503-504. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081461.

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Undergoing Upper Endoscopy, Republic of Georgia [PDF - 85 KB - 2 pages]
N. Tarkhashvili et al.
EID Tarkhashvili N, Beriashvili R, Chakvetadze N, Moistsrapishvili M, Chokheli M, Sikharulidze M, et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Undergoing Upper Endoscopy, Republic of Georgia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):504-505. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080850
AMA Tarkhashvili N, Beriashvili R, Chakvetadze N, et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Undergoing Upper Endoscopy, Republic of Georgia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):504-505. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080850.
APA Tarkhashvili, N., Beriashvili, R., Chakvetadze, N., Moistsrapishvili, M., Chokheli, M., Sikharulidze, M....Guarner, J. (2009). Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Undergoing Upper Endoscopy, Republic of Georgia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 504-505. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.080850.

Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California [PDF - 185 KB - 2 pages]
W. K. Reisen et al.
EID Reisen WK, Goodman RA, Buehler JW, Takahashi RM, Carroll BD, Quiring R. Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):508-509. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081489
AMA Reisen WK, Goodman RA, Buehler JW, et al. Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):508-509. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081489.
APA Reisen, W. K., Goodman, R. A., Buehler, J. W., Takahashi, R. M., Carroll, B. D., & Quiring, R. (2009). Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 508-509. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081489.

Spelling Pneumocystis jirovecii
J. R. Stringer et al.
EID Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF. Spelling Pneumocystis jirovecii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):506. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081060
AMA Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF. Spelling Pneumocystis jirovecii. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):506. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081060.
APA Stringer, J. R., Beard, C. B., & Miller, R. F. (2009). Spelling Pneumocystis jirovecii. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 506. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081060.

Hypothetical Pneumocystis jirovecii Transmission from Immunocompetent Carriers to Infant [PDF - 79 KB - 3 pages]
P. Hauser et al.
EID Hauser P, Rivero L, Rabodonirina M, de la Horra C, Nevez G, Montes-Cano MA, et al. Hypothetical Pneumocystis jirovecii Transmission from Immunocompetent Carriers to Infant. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):506-508. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081350
AMA Hauser P, Rivero L, Rabodonirina M, et al. Hypothetical Pneumocystis jirovecii Transmission from Immunocompetent Carriers to Infant. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):506-508. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081350.
APA Hauser, P., Rivero, L., Rabodonirina, M., de la Horra, C., Nevez, G., Montes-Cano, M. A....Calderón, E. J. (2009). Hypothetical Pneumocystis jirovecii Transmission from Immunocompetent Carriers to Infant. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 506-508. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081350.
Another Dimension

Fantastic Voyage: Influenza [PDF - 67 KB - 1 page]
J. W. Tang
EID Tang JW. Fantastic Voyage: Influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):512. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.ad1503
AMA Tang JW. Fantastic Voyage: Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):512. doi:10.3201/eid1503.ad1503.
APA Tang, J. W. (2009). Fantastic Voyage: Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 512. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.ad1503.
Books and Media

Avian Influenza [PDF - 83 KB - 1 page]
H. Oshitani
EID Oshitani H. Avian Influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):510. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081661
AMA Oshitani H. Avian Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):510. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081661.
APA Oshitani, H. (2009). Avian Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 510. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081661.

Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development [PDF - 72 KB - 2 pages]
C. Ben Beard
EID Ben Beard C. Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):510-511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081597
AMA Ben Beard C. Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):510-511. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081597.
APA Ben Beard, C. (2009). Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 510-511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081597.

Travel Medicine, 2nd Edition [PDF - 76 KB - 1 page]
L. H. Chen
EID Chen LH. Travel Medicine, 2nd Edition. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081591
AMA Chen LH. Travel Medicine, 2nd Edition. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):511. doi:10.3201/eid1503.081591.
APA Chen, L. H. (2009). Travel Medicine, 2nd Edition. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 511. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081591.
About the Cover

Tango with Cows [PDF - 209 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. Tango with Cows. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):513-514. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.ac1503
AMA Potter P. Tango with Cows. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):513-514. doi:10.3201/eid1503.ac1503.
APA Potter, P. (2009). Tango with Cows. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 513-514. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.ac1503.
Etymologia

Shigella [PDF - 76 KB - 1 page]
EID Shigella. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(3):371. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.e11503
AMA Shigella. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15(3):371. doi:10.3201/eid1503.e11503.
APA (2009). Shigella. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(3), 371. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.e11503.
Page created: June 08, 2012
Page updated: June 08, 2012
Page reviewed: June 08, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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