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Volume 15, Number 8—August 2009
Research

Slave Trade and Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes in Haiti and Africa

Iris E. Andernach, Claudine Nolte, Jean W. Pape, and Claude P. MullerComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Institute of Immunology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg (I.E. Andernach, C.P. Muller); Groupe d’Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (C. Nolte, J.W. Pape); Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA (J.W. Pape).

Main Article

Figure 3

Distribution of hepatitis B virus A subgenotypes and D4 (only in Rwanda) in Africa and their potential routes of spread toward Haiti (color-coded arrows). Colored dots indicate African countries with <10 A strains available; full color indicates countries with >90% dominance of 1 subgenotype; or a 60%–90% predominance of 1 subgenotype, with minority subgenotypes shown as diamonds. Subgenotypes other than A1 and D4 are not shown for Rwanda. Sequences included were obtained from GenBank and

Figure 3. . Distribution of hepatitis B virus A subgenotypes and D4 (only in Rwanda) in Africa and their potential routes of spread toward Haiti (color-coded arrows). Colored dots indicate African countries with <10 A strains available; full color indicates countries with >90% dominance of 1 subgenotype; or a 60%–90% predominance of 1 subgenotype, with minority subgenotypes shown as diamonds. Subgenotypes other than A1 and D4 are not shown for Rwanda. Sequences included were obtained from GenBank and unpublished data.

Main Article

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The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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