Volume 16, Number 11—November 2010
Letter
The Persistence of Influenza Infection
To the Editor: The report by Pinsky et al. (1) is interesting, but it raises some major questions. The finding of influenza virus in stool is not new (2). Of more interest is their statement regarding the prolonged shedding of influenza virus in the stool (for >2 months) and respiratory secretions (for >1.5 years). How frequently were respiratory samples collected and tested to confirm that the same virus was shed for these periods in these samples? Influenza virus, like most other acute respiratory viruses, typically does not cause long-term latent or persistent infections in humans. The authors need to exclude the possibility of frequent reinfection with contemporary circulating seasonal hemagglutinin 1 (H1) influenza viruses. However, they do not provide any data to this effect.
Currently, with the wider availability and more stringent expectations of modern molecular techniques, such data might be obtained by collecting and sequencing several genes (ideally full genomes) from contemporary circulating seasonal H1 viruses and comparing them, phylogenetically, with the virus shed, contemporaneously, from the child, at monthly intervals, for example (if the child tolerates this testing). Even with this testing frequency, several influenza infection episodes may go undetected. Although the child’s virus, if it truly persists, may undergo some minor host-induced mutations, new infections with seasonal H1 viruses will likely demonstrate a greater, sudden sequence variability, which enables them to be relatively easily distinguished from the more minor, gradually accumulated mutations that can be seen in a persisting infection (3).
Second, ribavirin is not recommended for treating influenza infection (4,5). Can the authors explain why this child was taking ribavirin for influenza infection, and how often was his condition treated with this drug during the 1.5 years when influenza H1 was shed? Was his treatment regimen eventually changed? Currently, the recommended treatment for influenza is with the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir), which have a much safer adverse effect profile, and their effectiveness has been shown to be cost-effective (5).
References
- Pinsky BA, Mix S, Rowe J, Ikemoto S, Baron EJ. Long-term shedding of influenza a virus in stool of an immunocompromised child. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1165–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wootton SH, Scheifele DW, Mak A, Petric M, Skowronski DM. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:1194–5.Detection of human influenza virus in the stool of children. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baz M, Abed Y, McDonald J, Boivin G. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1555–61.Characterization of multidrug-resistant influenza A/H3N2 viruses shed during 1 year by an immunocompromised child. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hayden FG, Pavia AT. Antiviral management of seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(Suppl 2):S119–26.
- Whitley RJ. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2007;3:755–67.The role of oseltamivir in the treatment and prevention of influenza in children. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Related Links
In Response: We appreciate Dr Tang’s insightful letter (1) regarding our article (2) and are encouraged that this case report may have evoked increased interest in the phylogeny of the influenza sequences obtained during this patient’s longstanding illness. We were acutely aware that we had not provided evidence that it was indeed the same influenza A virus found in these samples. Even though we proposed sequencing studies in the article’s discussion section, in hindsight, we should have further expanded the discussion to include the points Dr Tang raises. At that time, however, we made a conscious decision not to include sequencing data in the manuscript for the following reasons.
First, we believed that finding that influenza A virus could be isolated from stool needed to be rapidly disseminated during the pandemic to reinforce awareness of the potential risk of acquiring influenza A infection through this source. During the summer of 2009, when we wrote this article, only influenza A (H5N1) had been reported to be culturable from human stool (3). Viral nucleic acids of seasonal influenza A had been demonstrated in stool in several studies (4–6), but of course, identification of viral nucleic acids remains an imperfect correlate to the presence of infectious virus.
Second, we considered the time, personnel, and funding required for a viral sequencing project of the type suggested and determined that we should attempt this as a follow-up study. Samples were obtained from the patient nearly every other week for >2 years, providing valuable data to further investigate this important question.
Dr Tang makes an addditional point regarding the use of ribavirin to treat the patient’s condition. As laboratorians, we had similar questions and never found satisfactory answers. The patient did eventually receive oseltamivir, but this occurred >4 months after his last positive influenza A test result. The antiviral drug course was given empirically after the patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with fever and mental status changes, which were ultimately determined to be due to coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicemia.
References
- Tang JW. The persistence of influenza infection [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1817–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pinsky BA, Mix S, Rowe J, Ikemoto S, Baron EJ. Long-term shedding of influenza a virus in stool of an immunocompromised child. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1165–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, Hien VM, Smith GJ, Chau TN, Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med. 2006;12:1203–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dilantika C, Sedyaningsih ER, Kasper MR, Agtini M, Listiyaningsih E, Uyeki TM, Influenza virus infection among pediatric patients reporting diarrhea and influenza-like illness. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wootton SH, Scheifele DW, Mak A, Petric M, Skowronski DM. Detection of human influenza virus in the stool of children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:1194–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chan MC, Lee N, Chan PK, Leung TF, Sung JJ. Fecal detection of influenza A virus in patients with concurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. J Clin Virol. 2009;45:208–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Table of Contents – Volume 16, Number 11—November 2010
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