Volume 16, Number 2—February 2010
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Risk Factors for and Estimated Incidence of Community-associated Clostridium difficile Infection, North Carolina, USA1
Preeta K. Kutty, Christopher W. Woods, Arlene C. Sena, Stephen R. Benoit, Susanna Naggie, Joyce Frederick, Sharon Evans, Jeffery Engel, and L. Clifford McDonald
Table 2
Results of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection case–control study, Veterans Affairs, North Carolina, USA, 2005*
| Characteristic | No. (%) persons |
OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case-patients, n = 36 | Controls, n = 108 | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Median age, y (range) | 62 (38–85) | 64 (36–86) | |
| Female gender | 4 (11) | 4 (4) | |
| Non-Hispanic white race |
25 (69) |
70 (65) |
|
| Coexisting health conditions | |||
| Hypertension | 16 (44) | 75 (69) | 0.35 (0.2–0.8)† |
| Cardiac failure |
6 (17) |
5 (5) |
4.1 (1.2–14.4)† |
| Exposures‡ | |||
| Outpatient visit | 32 (89) | 69 (57) | 6.1 (2.0–18.6)† |
| Antimicrobial drugs | 24 (66) | 10 (9) | 19.6 (7.6–51.0)† |
| Penicillins | 13 (36) | 3 (3) | 19.8 (5.2–75.1)§ |
| Quinolones | 6 (17) | 3 (3) | 7 (1.7–29.7)† |
| NSAIDs | 6 (17) | 30 (28) | 0.5 (0.2–0.4) |
| Antimotility medications | 4 (11) | 2 (2) | 6.6 (1.2–37.8)† |
| Gastric acid suppressors | 18 (50) | 37 (34) | 1.9 (0.9–4.1) |
| H2 blockers | 7 (19) | 13 (12) | 1.8 (0.6–4.8) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 13 (36) | 26 (24) | 1.7 (0.7–4.0) |
| Steroids |
4 (11) |
3 (3) |
4.4 (0.9–20.5) |
| Multivariable analysis¶ | |||
| Antimicrobial drugs | 17.8 (6.6–48.0)# | ||
| Outpatient visit | 5.1 (1.5–17.9)†# | ||
*OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
†p<0.05.
‡Exposures among case-patients and controls were within 3 months prior to the test date.
§p< 0.0001.
¶Goodness-of-fit tests: residual χ2, p = 0.33; Hosmer and Lemeshow, p = 0.12.
#Adjusted OR.
1Presented in part at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 12–15, 2006.
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