Volume 17, Number 12—December 2011
CME ACTIVITY - Perspective
Risk for Rabies Importation from North Africa
Table 1
Country | Annual no. human deaths/100,000 population | Annual no. rabies PEP in humans/100,000 population | No. rabies cases in animals (years) |
---|---|---|---|
Algeria | 0.06† | 2.2† | 2,206 (2000–2008), 754 (2009) |
Egypt | 0.1‡ | 1.9§ | 5 (2000, 2006, and 2007)¶ |
Morocco | 0.07† | 1.6† | 3,600 (2000–2008, including 343 in 2007) |
Sudan | 0.04† | 0.4‡ | 101 (2000–2007, including 38 in 2007) |
Tunisia | 0.02† | 3.3† | 1,253 (2000–2007, including 102 in 2007) |
*PEP, postexposure prophylaxis. Data sources include World Health Organization RabNet database (www.who.int/globalatlas/default.asp) and RABMEDCONTROL (www.rabmedcontrol.org) (5,9–12).
†Calculated for 2000–2007.
‡Calculated for 2007.
§Calculated for 2000.
¶No data available for other years.
References
- World Health Organization. Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper—recommendations. Vaccine. 2010;28:7140–2. Epub 2010 Sep 8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Knobel DL, Cleaveland S, Coleman PG, Fevre EM, Meltzer MI, Miranda ME, Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:360–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gautret P, Schwartz E, Shaw M, Soula G, Gazin P, Delmont J, Animal-associated injuries and related diseases among returned travelers: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Vaccine. 2007;25:2656–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Meslin FX. Rabies as a traveler’s risk, especially in high-endemicity areas. J Travel Med. 2005;12:S30–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Barrat J. La rage dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. AFSSA Bull Epid. 2005;17:S5–6 [cited 2010 May 1]. http://agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/be17_suppltrage.pdf
- Lardon Z, Watier L, Brunet A, Bernède C, Goudal M, Dacheux L, Imported episodic rabies increases patient demand for and physician delivery of antirabies prophylaxis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e723. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Talbi C, Lemey P, Suchard MA, Abdelatif E, Elharrak M, Jalal N, Phylodynamics and human-mediated dispersal of a zoonotic virus. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1001166. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dodet B. Fighting rabies in Africa: the Africa Rabies Expert Bureau (AfroREB). Vaccine. 2008;26:6295–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dodet B. The Africa Rabies Expert Bureau (AfroREB).The fight against rabies in Africa: from recognition to action. Vaccine. 2009;27:5027–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Faouzi A, Anga L, Barkia A, Nenmamoune A, Amarouch H, Nourli J. La rage humaine au Maroc de 2000 à 2008. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2009;57:S27. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Metallaoui A. Rage: historique et situation épidémiologique en Algérie. Projet GCP/RAB/002/FRA. 2009 [cited 2010 May 1]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak149f/ak149f00.pdf
- El Ghoul. Historique et situation épidémiologique en Tunisie. Projet GCP/RAB/002/FRA. 2009 [cited 2010 May 1]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak150f/ak150f00.pdf
- Touihri L, Zaouia I, Elhili K, Dellagi K, Bahloul C. Evaluation of mass vaccination campaign coverage against rabies in dogs in Tunisia. Zoonoses Public Health. 2011;58:110–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Artois M, Ben Osman F, Kilani M, Wandeler A. Contribution nouvelle à la connaissance de l’écologie du chien en Tunisie. In: La rage et la brucellose dans les pays Méditerranéens et la Péninsule Arabe. Collection Fondation Marcel Mérieux; 1986. pp. 171–8.
- Matter H. Etude écologique d’une population canine. Maghreb Vétérinaire. 1987;312:65–8.
- Matter H, Blancou J, Benelmouffok A, Hammami S, Fassi-Fehri N. Rabies in North Africa and Malta. In: King AA, Fooks AR, Aubert M, Wandeler AI, editors. Historical perspective of rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Paris and Geneva: World Organisation for Animal Health and World Health Organization; 2004. p. 185–99.
- Marston DA, McElhinney LM, Ali YH, Intisar KS, Ho SM, Freuling C, Phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses from Sudan provides evidence of a viral clade with a unique molecular signature. Virus Res. 2009;145:244–50. Epub 2009 Jul 21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ali YH, Intisar KS, Wegdan HA, Ali EB. Epidemiology of rabies in Sudan. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances. 2006;5:266–70.
- Armand L. Les touristes français à l’étranger en 2006: résultats issus du suivi de la demande touristique (Direction du Tourisme). Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 2007; 25–26: 218–21 [cited 2011 Aug 23]. http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/2007/25_26/index.htm
- Bourhy H, Dacheux L, Strady C, Mailles A. Rabies in Europe in 2005. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:213–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bourhy H, Kissi B, Audry L, Smreczak M, Sadkowska-Todys M, Kulonen K, Ecology and evolution of rabies virus in Europe. J Gen Virol. 1999;80:2545–57.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cliquet F, Aubert M. Elimination of terrestrial rabies in western European countries. Dev Biol (Basel). 2004;119:185–204.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Banyard AC, Hartley M, Fooks AR. Reassessing the risk from rabies: a continuing threat to the UK? Virus Res. 2010;152:79–84. Epub 2010 Jun 15. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peigue-Lafeuille H, Bourhy H, Abiteboul D, Astoul J, Cliquet F, Gouda M, Human rabies in France in 2004: update and management [in French]. Med Mal Infect. 2004;34:551–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Krause R, Bagó Z, Revilla-Fernández S, Loitsch A, Allerberger F, Kaufmann P, Travel-associated rabies in Austrian man. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:719–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schmiedel S, Panning M, Lohse A, Kreymann KG, Gerloff C, Burchard G, Case report on fatal human rabies infection in Hamburg, Germany, March 2007. Euro Surveill. 2007;12:E070531.5.
- Johnson N, Brookes SM, Fooks AR, Ross RS. Review of human rabies cases in the UK and in Germany. Vet Rec. 2005;157:715. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Health Protection Agency. Case of rabies imported into the UK. Health protection report, 19 December 2008 [cited 2008 Dec 19]. http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/news/default.htm#rabies
- Höjer J, Sjöblom E, Berglund O, Hammarin AL, Grandien M. The first case of rabies in Sweden in 26 years. Inform travellers abroad about risks and treatment following suspected infection [in Swedish]. Lakartidningen. 2001;98:1216–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rimhanen-Finne R, Järvinen A, Kuusi M, Quiambao BP, Malbas FF Jr, Huovilainen A, Imported human rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1318–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gautret P, Adehossi E, Soula G, Soavi MJ, Delmont J, Rotivel Y, Rabies exposure in international travelers: do we miss the target? Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e243–6. Epub 2009 Aug 12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Altmann M, Parola P, Delmont J, Brouqui P, Gautret P. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of French travelers from Marseille regarding rabies risk and prevention. J Travel Med. 2009;16:107–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mailles A, Bourhy H, De Valk H, Dacheux L, Servas V, Capek I, Human and animal exposure to a rabid dog illegally imported into France, August 2004. Euro Surveill. 2004;8:1–3.
- Rooney R. A dog with rabies in Nîmes, France. Euro Surveill. 1998;2:pii=1175.
- Servas V, Mailles A, Neau D, Castor C, Manetti A, Fouquet E, An imported case of canine rabies in Aquitaine: investigation and management of the contacts at risk, August 2004–March 2005. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:222–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- French multidisciplinary investigation team. Identification of a rabid dog in France illegally introduced from Morocco. Euro Surveill. 2008;13:pii:8066 [cited 2011 Aug 23]. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=8066
- Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the animal health requirements applicable to the non-commercial movement of pet animals and amending Council Directive 92/65/EEC. EC no. 998/2003 [cited 2011 Aug 23]. http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/pets/annex2c_reg998_03_en.pdf
- Gautret P, Shaw M, Gazin P, Soula G, Delmont J, Parola P, Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in returned injured travellers from France, Australia and New Zealand: a retrospective study. J Travel Med. 2008;15:25–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Reference 25 "Peigue-Lafeuille, Bourhy, Abiteboul, Astoul, Cliquet, Gouda, et al., 2004" is not cited in the text. Please add an in-text citation or delete the reference.
Page created: November 30, 2011
Page updated: November 30, 2011
Page reviewed: November 30, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.