Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 17, Number 12—December 2011
CME ACTIVITY - Perspective

Risk for Rabies Importation from North Africa

Philippe GautretComments to Author , Florence Ribadeau-Dumas, Philippe Parola, Philippe Brouqui, and Hervé Bourhy

Author affiliations: Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France (P. Gautret, P. Parola, P. Brouqui); Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (F. Ribadeau-Dumas, H. Bourhy)

Main Article

Table 2

Cases of rabies in humans, France, 1970–2010*

Year of death Patient age, y/sex Country of exposure Animal species Incubation time Time between illness onset and death No. contacts who received rabies PEP
1970 3/M Niger Cat 10 d 9 d Unknown
1973 10/M Gabon Dog 11 mo or 15 d 20 d Unknown
1976 5/M Gabon Dog 45 d 1 mo Unknown
1976 18/M Algeria Dog Unknown 23 d 1
1976 28/M Morocco Unknown Unknown 1 mo Unknown
1976 10/M Algeria Dog 1 mo 18 d Unknown
1977 2/M Gabon Dog 18 d 1 d 5
1977 4/M Morocco Dog 1 mo 2 d 25
1979 57/F Egypt Dog 2 mo 10 d 12
1979 36/M Egypt Human (cornea transplant) 1 mo 15 d 128
1980 4/M Tunisia Dog 2.5 mo 3 d 66
1982 40/M Senegal Dog 122 d 30 d Unknown
1990 28/M Mexico Dog 47 d 10 d 1
1992 3/M Algeria Dog 1 mo 3 wk 143
1994 46/M Mali Dog 3 mo 11 d 36
1996 3/M Madagascar Dog 2 mo 6 d 290
1996 60/M Algeria Dog 2 mo 5 d 45
1996 71/M Algeria Dog 40 d 3 d 35
1997 50/F India Dog 12 d 56 d 36
2003 3/M Gabon Dog >2 mo 10 d 142
2008 42/M France (French Guiana) Bat Unknown 16 d 90

*Adapted from Peigue-Lafeville et al. (25). PEP, postexposure prophylaxis.

Main Article

References
  1. World Health Organization. Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper—recommendations. Vaccine. 2010;28:71402. Epub 2010 Sep 8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Knobel  DL, Cleaveland  S, Coleman  PG, Fevre  EM, Meltzer  MI, Miranda  ME, Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:3608.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Gautret  P, Schwartz  E, Shaw  M, Soula  G, Gazin  P, Delmont  J, Animal-associated injuries and related diseases among returned travelers: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Vaccine. 2007;25:265663. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Meslin  FX. Rabies as a traveler’s risk, especially in high-endemicity areas. J Travel Med. 2005;12:S3040. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Barrat  J. La rage dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. AFSSA Bull Epid. 2005;17:S5–6 [cited 2010 May 1]. http://agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/be17_suppltrage.pdf
  6. Lardon  Z, Watier  L, Brunet  A, Bernède  C, Goudal  M, Dacheux  L, Imported episodic rabies increases patient demand for and physician delivery of antirabies prophylaxis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e723. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Talbi  C, Lemey  P, Suchard  MA, Abdelatif  E, Elharrak  M, Jalal  N, Phylodynamics and human-mediated dispersal of a zoonotic virus. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1001166. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Dodet  B. Fighting rabies in Africa: the Africa Rabies Expert Bureau (AfroREB). Vaccine. 2008;26:62958. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Dodet  B. The Africa Rabies Expert Bureau (AfroREB).The fight against rabies in Africa: from recognition to action. Vaccine. 2009;27:502732. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Faouzi  A, Anga  L, Barkia  A, Nenmamoune  A, Amarouch  H, Nourli  J. La rage humaine au Maroc de 2000 à 2008. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2009;57:S27. DOIGoogle Scholar
  11. Metallaoui  A. Rage: historique et situation épidémiologique en Algérie. Projet GCP/RAB/002/FRA. 2009 [cited 2010 May 1]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak149f/ak149f00.pdf
  12. El Ghoul. Historique et situation épidémiologique en Tunisie. Projet GCP/RAB/002/FRA. 2009 [cited 2010 May 1]. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak150f/ak150f00.pdf
  13. Touihri  L, Zaouia  I, Elhili  K, Dellagi  K, Bahloul  C. Evaluation of mass vaccination campaign coverage against rabies in dogs in Tunisia. Zoonoses Public Health. 2011;58:1108. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Artois  M, Ben Osman  F, Kilani  M, Wandeler  A. Contribution nouvelle à la connaissance de l’écologie du chien en Tunisie. In: La rage et la brucellose dans les pays Méditerranéens et la Péninsule Arabe. Collection Fondation Marcel Mérieux; 1986. pp. 171–8.
  15. Matter  H. Etude écologique d’une population canine. Maghreb Vétérinaire. 1987;312:658.
  16. Matter  H, Blancou  J, Benelmouffok  A, Hammami  S, Fassi-Fehri  N. Rabies in North Africa and Malta. In: King AA, Fooks AR, Aubert M, Wandeler AI, editors. Historical perspective of rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Paris and Geneva: World Organisation for Animal Health and World Health Organization; 2004. p. 185–99.
  17. Marston  DA, McElhinney  LM, Ali  YH, Intisar  KS, Ho  SM, Freuling  C, Phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses from Sudan provides evidence of a viral clade with a unique molecular signature. Virus Res. 2009;145:24450. Epub 2009 Jul 21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Ali  YH, Intisar  KS, Wegdan  HA, Ali  EB. Epidemiology of rabies in Sudan. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances. 2006;5:26670.
  19. Burki  T. The global fight against rabies. Lancet. 2008;372:11356. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Armand  L. Les touristes français à l’étranger en 2006: résultats issus du suivi de la demande touristique (Direction du Tourisme). Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 2007; 25–26: 218–21 [cited 2011 Aug 23]. http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/2007/25_26/index.htm
  21. Bourhy  H, Dacheux  L, Strady  C, Mailles  A. Rabies in Europe in 2005. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:2136.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Bourhy  H, Kissi  B, Audry  L, Smreczak  M, Sadkowska-Todys  M, Kulonen  K, Ecology and evolution of rabies virus in Europe. J Gen Virol. 1999;80:254557.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Cliquet  F, Aubert  M. Elimination of terrestrial rabies in western European countries. Dev Biol (Basel). 2004;119:185204.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Banyard  AC, Hartley  M, Fooks  AR. Reassessing the risk from rabies: a continuing threat to the UK? Virus Res. 2010;152:7984. Epub 2010 Jun 15. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Peigue-Lafeuille  H, Bourhy  H, Abiteboul  D, Astoul  J, Cliquet  F, Gouda  M, Human rabies in France in 2004: update and management [in French]. Med Mal Infect. 2004;34:55160.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Krause  R, Bagó  Z, Revilla-Fernández  S, Loitsch  A, Allerberger  F, Kaufmann  P, Travel-associated rabies in Austrian man. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:71921.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Schmiedel  S, Panning  M, Lohse  A, Kreymann  KG, Gerloff  C, Burchard  G, Case report on fatal human rabies infection in Hamburg, Germany, March 2007. Euro Surveill. 2007;12:E070531.5.
  28. Johnson  N, Brookes  SM, Fooks  AR, Ross  RS. Review of human rabies cases in the UK and in Germany. Vet Rec. 2005;157:715. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Health Protection Agency. Case of rabies imported into the UK. Health protection report, 19 December 2008 [cited 2008 Dec 19]. http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/news/default.htm#rabies
  30. Höjer  J, Sjöblom  E, Berglund  O, Hammarin  AL, Grandien  M. The first case of rabies in Sweden in 26 years. Inform travellers abroad about risks and treatment following suspected infection [in Swedish]. Lakartidningen. 2001;98:121620.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Rimhanen-Finne  R, Järvinen  A, Kuusi  M, Quiambao  BP, Malbas  FF Jr, Huovilainen  A, Imported human rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:13189. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Gautret  P, Adehossi  E, Soula  G, Soavi  MJ, Delmont  J, Rotivel  Y, Rabies exposure in international travelers: do we miss the target? Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e2436. Epub 2009 Aug 12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Altmann  M, Parola  P, Delmont  J, Brouqui  P, Gautret  P. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of French travelers from Marseille regarding rabies risk and prevention. J Travel Med. 2009;16:10711. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Mailles  A, Bourhy  H, De Valk  H, Dacheux  L, Servas  V, Capek  I, Human and animal exposure to a rabid dog illegally imported into France, August 2004. Euro Surveill. 2004;8:13.
  35. Rooney  R. A dog with rabies in Nîmes, France. Euro Surveill. 1998;2:pii=1175.
  36. Servas  V, Mailles  A, Neau  D, Castor  C, Manetti  A, Fouquet  E, An imported case of canine rabies in Aquitaine: investigation and management of the contacts at risk, August 2004–March 2005. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:2225.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. French multidisciplinary investigation team. Identification of a rabid dog in France illegally introduced from Morocco. Euro Surveill. 2008;13:pii:8066 [cited 2011 Aug 23]. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=8066
  38. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the animal health requirements applicable to the non-commercial movement of pet animals and amending Council Directive 92/65/EEC. EC no. 998/2003 [cited 2011 Aug 23]. http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/pets/annex2c_reg998_03_en.pdf
  39. Rabies vaccines. WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007;82:42535.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Gautret  P, Shaw  M, Gazin  P, Soula  G, Delmont  J, Parola  P, Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in returned injured travellers from France, Australia and New Zealand: a retrospective study. J Travel Med. 2008;15:2530. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Reference 25 "Peigue-Lafeuille, Bourhy, Abiteboul, Astoul, Cliquet, Gouda, et al., 2004" is not cited in the text. Please add an in-text citation or delete the reference.

Page created: November 30, 2011
Page updated: November 30, 2011
Page reviewed: November 30, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external