Volume 17, Number 4—April 2011
Research
Diarrheagenic Pathogens in Polymicrobial Infections
Brianna Lindsay1, T. Ramamurthy1, Sourav Sen Gupta, Yoshifumi Takeda, Krishnan Rajendran, G. Balakrish Nair, and O. Colin Stine
Table A1
Stratified odds ratios comparing the odds of Vibrio cholerae or rotavirus co-occurring with various other pathogens, relative to the odds of V. cholerae or rotavirus co-occurring independently with various additional pathogens at the frequency with which each is present in the entire sample*
| Vibrio cholerae |
|||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data | Giardia lamblia |
Shigella spp. |
ETEC |
Adenovirus |
Cryptosporidium spp. |
||||||||||||||
| O | E | OR (95% CI) | O | E | OR (95% CI) | O | E | OR (95% CI) | O | E | OR (95% CI) | O | E | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Unadjusted OR |
101 |
72 |
1.71 (1.32–2.13) |
12 |
42 |
0.22 (0.12–0.40) |
11 |
29 |
0.3 (0.16–0.57) |
14 |
41 |
0.27 (0.15–0.47) |
20 |
40 |
0.41 (0.25–0.66) |
||||
| Age group, y | |||||||||||||||||||
| <1 | 8 | 3 | 4.25 (1.72–10.5) | 1 | 1 | 1.10 (0.13–8.92) | 0 | 1 | † | 2 | 5 | 0.35 (0.08–1.50) | 3 | 4 | 0.68 (0.20–2.35) | ||||
| >1–2 | 9 | 5 | 2.77 (1.15–6.66) | 4 | 3 | 1.35 (0.43–4.24) | 2 | 1 | 1.92 (0.38–9.96) | 1 | 4 | 0.19 (0.02–1.45) | 1 | 3 | 0.30 (0.04–2.34) | ||||
| >2– 5 | 12 | 9 | 1.73 (0.76–3.91) | 2 | 7 | 0.18 (0.04–0.80) | 0 | 1 | † | 2 | 4 | 0.38 (0.08–1.77) | 1 | 2 | 0.35 (0.04–3.04) | ||||
| >5–15 | 17 | 18 | 0.82 (0.45–1.57) | 2 | 7 | 0.20 (0.04–0.90) | 1 | 3 | 0.24 (0.03–2.00) | 3 | 4 | 0.74 (0.18–2.96) | 2 | 3 | 0.57 (0.11–2.92) | ||||
| >15–45 | 45 | 30 | 1.95 (1.31–2.90) | 3 | 15 | 0.14 (0.04–0.46) | 4 | 13 | 0.22 (0.08–0.63) | 3 | 11 | 0.21 (0.07–0.72) | 10 | 16 | 0.53 (0.27–1.05) | ||||
| >45 |
10 |
9 |
1.09 (0.51–2.33) |
0 |
10 |
0.89 (0.86–0.93) |
4 |
9 |
0.34 (0.12–0.99) |
3 |
4 |
0.59 (0.16–2.11) |
3 |
6 |
0.43 (0.12–1.49) |
||||
| Season | |||||||||||||||||||
| Winter | 22 | 12 | 2.36 (1.39–4.01) | 1 | 9 | 0.09 (0.01–0.63) | 4 | 4 | 0.94 (0.32–2.75) | 2 | 10 | 0.17 (0.04–0.69) | 4 | 14 | 0.24 (0.08–0.65) | ||||
| Summer | 36 | 27 | 1.62 (1.05–2.51) | 4 | 16 | 0.18 (0.06–0.50) | 1 | 12 | 0.06 (0.01–0.41) | 8 | 15 | 0.43 (0.20–0.93) | 3 | 9 | 0.27 (0.08–0.91) | ||||
| Monsoon |
43 |
35 |
1.41 (0.94–2.12) |
7 |
15 |
0.36 (0.16–0.81) |
6 |
14 |
0.34 (0.14–0.82) |
4 |
14 |
0.21 (0.07–0.60) |
13 |
13 |
0.97 (0.50–1.88) |
||||
| Rotavirus |
|||||||||||||||||||
| Data |
Vibrio cholerae |
Adenovirus |
Cryptosporidium spp. |
EAEC |
Shigella spp. |
||||||||||||||
| O |
E |
OR (95% CI) |
O |
E |
OR (95% CI) |
O |
E |
OR (95% CI) |
O |
E |
OR (95% CI) |
O |
E |
OR (95% CI) |
|||||
| Unadjusted OR |
41 |
143 |
0.18 (0.13–0.25) |
98 |
36 |
5.79 (4.20–7.98) |
68 |
36 |
2.65 (1.92–3.66) |
65 |
39 |
2.14 (1.55–2.93) |
14 |
38 |
0.30 (0.17–0.52) |
||||
| Age group, y | |||||||||||||||||||
| <1 | 6 | 18 | 0.14 (0.05–0.35) | 38 | 35 | 1.30 (0.72–2.35) | 32 | 29 | 1.28 (0.68–2.40) | 33 | 30 | 1.42 (0.75–2.69) | 4 | 7 | 0.36 (0.10–1.26) | ||||
| >1–2 | 10 | 17 | 0.35 (0.15–0.78) | 22 | 17 | 2.30 (1.01–5.24) | 14 | 11 | 1.78 (0.69–4.60) | 15 | 15 | 0.98 (0.44–2.15) | 4 | 13 | 0.14 (0.05–0.43) | ||||
| >2–5 | 6 | 15 | 0.23 (0.09–0.58) | 7 | 3 | 3.50 (1.11–11.01) | 2 | 2 | 1.07 (0.20–5.75) | 9 | 4 | 4.00 (1.40–11.5) | 0 | 6 | † | ||||
| >5–15 | 5 | 9 | 0.38 (0.14–1.05) | 4 | 1 | 6.40 (1.67–24.39) | 1 | 1 | 1.20 (0.14–10.15) | 1 | 1 | 0.62 (0.07–5.00) | 0 | 2 | † | ||||
| >15–45 | 6 | 31 | 0.13 (0.06–0.30) | 20 | 4 | 10.81 (5.63–20.78) | 12 | 6 | 2.38 (1.23–4.62) | 5 | 5 | 0.91 (0.35–2.33) | 3 | 6 | 0.48 (0.15–1.58) | ||||
| >45 |
8 |
15 |
0.41 (0.19–0.91) |
7 |
2 |
6.27 (2.28–17.19) |
7 |
2 |
4.13 (1.61–10.62) |
2 |
2 |
0.89 (0.20–3.94) |
3 |
4 |
0.63 (0.19–2.12) |
||||
| Season | |||||||||||||||||||
| Winter | 5 | 47 | 0.06 (0.02–0.13) | 42 | 23 | 3.73 (2.20–6.33) | 45 | 32 | 1.94 (1.25–3.00) | 29 | 21 | 1.8 (1.06–3.04) | 6 | 21 | 0.19 (0.08–0.44) | ||||
| Summer | 21 | 37 | 0.44 (0.27–0.72) | 30 | 10 | 5.75 (3.34–9.91) | 11 | 6 | 2.39 1.14–5.01) | 14 | 8 | 2.28 (1.18–4.40) | 5 | 11 | 0.38 (0.15–0.97) | ||||
| Monsoon | 15 | 42 | 0.24 (0.14–0.42) | 26 | 6 | 11.48 (6.04–21.44) | 12 | 6 | 2.66 (1.33–5.33) | 22 | 10 | 2.91 (1.71–4.95) | 3 | 7 | 0.41 (0.13–1.34) | ||||
*ETEC, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, O, observed number of cases positive for both pathogens; E, expected number of cases positive for both pathogens; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli; EAEC, enteroaggregative E. coli. Boldface indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
†Cell counts too small to calculate OR.
1These authors contributed equally to this article.
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Page updated: July 25, 2011
Page reviewed: July 25, 2011
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