Figure 1

Figure 1. Sites of bat collection, showing number of bats collected from each site, Guatemala, 2009.

In 2009, a total of 118 bats were collected from 5 sites in southern Guatemala (Figure 1). The bats represented 15 species of 10 genera; the most prevalent (26.3%) species was the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus); the other 14 species accounted for 0.8%–12.7% of the bats sampled. Diversity of bats was 6–8 species per site (Table 1). Blood specimens from the bats were collected and cultured for Bartonella spp., according to a published method (12). A total of 41 Bartonella isolates were obtained from 39 (33.1%) of the 118 bats; colonies with different morphologic characteristics were identified from blood of 2 Pteronotus davyi bats. Prevalence of Bartonella spp. in Conguaco (60%, 15/25) was significantly higher than that in Oratorio (11.8%, 2/17), San Lucas Tolimán (14.3%, 2/14), and Taxisco (22.6%, 7/31) but did not differ from that in Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa (41.9%, 13/31). Bartonella spp. were cultured from 8 bat species. The Bartonella spp. prevalence among Phyllostomus discolor (88.8%, 9/8), P. davyi (70%, 7/10), and D. rotundus (48.4%, 15/31) bats was significantly higher than that among Sturnira lilium (8.3%, 1/12) and Glossophaga soricina (13.3%, 2/15) bats. No Bartonella spp. were found in Artibeus jamaicensis (0/13) and 6 other bat species tested (Table 1).

Figure 2

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the Bartonella spp. genotypes based on partial sequences of the citrate synthase gene detected in bats from Guatemala, Kenya, United Kingdom, and some reference Bartonella spp. The phylogenetic...

Identity of 41 Bartonella isolates was confirmed by PCR amplification of a specific region in the citrate synthase gene by using primers BhCS781.p (5′-GGGGACCAGCTCATGGTGG-3′) and BhCS1137.n (5′-AATGCAAAAAGAACAGTAAACA-3′). Subsequent sequencing analyses of the 41 isolates revealed 21 genetic variants (Table 2) that clustered into 13 phylogroups (I–XIII) with 6.6%–24.7% divergence. The phylogroups were also distant from any previously described Bartonella species and genotypes identified in bats from the United Kingdom and Kenya (Figure 2). Each phylogroup contained 1–6 variants; similarities within phylogroups were 96.2%–99.7% (Table 2).

Of the 13 phylogroups, phylogroups I, IV, and VII were identified in isolates obtained from different bat species (Table 2), suggesting that bats of different species may share the same Bartonella strain; whereas 4 species of bats—C. perspicillata, D. rotundus, P. discolor, and P. davyi—were infected with 2–4 Bartonella strains (Table 2). P. davyi from 2 bats belonged to phylogroups II or VIII.

The high (≈33%) prevalence of Bartonella spp. in bat populations in southern Guatemala might suggest persistent infection of long-lived bats with Bartonella spp., similar to their infection with some viruses (13). Depending on the bat species, Bartonella spp. exhibit high, low, or no infectivity, which may explain the variation in Bartonella spp. prevalence between study sites because the assemblage of bat species differed at each site. Additional studies are needed to illustrate the distribution of Bartonella spp. among the bat fauna in Guatemala and throughout the region.

Further characterization is necessary to verify whether the Bartonella strains representing a variety of distinct phylogroups represent novel Bartonella species. Unlike the discovery in bats in Kenya (12), host specificity of Bartonella spp. was not found in bats in Guatemala. Such lack of specificity may be partly associated with the arthropod vectors that parasitize bats, although we were unable to attempt isolation of agents from the bat ectoparasites. Future studies of bat ectoparasites would enable testing of hypotheses about whether any arthropods may be vectors in the Bartonella spp. transmission cycle and whether ectoparasite specificity contributes to the lack of host specificity observed in this study.

The tendency of some bat species to share roosts, reach large population densities, and roost crowded together creates the potential for dynamic intraspecies and interspecies transmission of infections (14). In accordance with this hypothesis, our finding that co-infection with multiple Bartonella strains in a single bat species, and even in an individual bat, indicate that active interspecies transmission of Bartonella spp. likely occurs among bats in Guatemala. The specificity of ectoparasite arthropod vectors among the bat fauna remains unclear and may contribute to interspecies transmission of Bartonella spp. among bats.

The long life spans of bats (average 10–20 years) may have made them major reservoirs that contribute to the maintenance and transmission of Bartonella spp. to other animals and humans. The bite of the common vampire bat has been long recognized to transmit rabies virus to humans throughout Latin America (2). These bats typically feed on the blood of mammals, including domestic animals and humans (15). Predation of vampire bats on humans is a major problem in Latin America (2). If Bartonella spp. can be transmitted to humans through the bite of bats, the need for further studies with vampire bats is imperative. Bartonella spp.–specific DNA has been detected in ectoparasites collected from bats (3–5). Presumably, if Bartonella spp. are transmitted through a bat ectoparasite vector, some, if not all, bat-associated Bartonella spp. could be transmitted to humans because bats are frequent hosts to a wide variety of ectoparasites, including bat flies, fleas, soft ticks, and mites. However, transmission potential might vary with the degree of synanthropic roosting or foraging behavior within the bat community.

Because an increasing number of Bartonella spp. are being associated with human illness, the need to identify the animal reservoirs of these novel Bartonella spp. and to understand their disease ecology is also increasing. Our study of Bartonella spp. in bats has enlarged our scope of this zoonotic potential as we search for the reservoirs that harbor novel and known Bartonella spp.