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Volume 19, Number 1—January 2013
Research

Risk Factors for Nipah Virus Infection among Pteropid Bats, Peninsular Malaysia

Sohayati A. Rahman, Latiffah HassanComments to Author , Jonathan H. Epstein, Zaini C. Mamat, Aziz M. Yatim, Sharifah S. Hassan, Hume E. Field, Tom Hughes, Justin Westrum, M.S. Naim, Arshad S. Suri, A. Aziz Jamaluddin, Peter Daszak, and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia (S.A. Rahman, Z.C. Mamat, A.M. Yatim, M.S. Naim, A.A. Jamaluddin); Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia (L. Hassan, A.S. Suri); EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USA (J.H. Epstein, T. Hughes, J. Westrum, P. Daszak); Monash University, Selangor, (S.S. Hassan); Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (H.E. Field)

Main Article

Table 5

Univariate analysis of independent variables and Nipah virus seropositivity (without pup data) in 632 samples from Pteropus hypomelanus bats surveyed in Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia, January 2004–October 2006

Risk factor No. positive/no. tested (%) p value* Odds ratio (95% CI)
Sampling time

Jan 2004

 10/50 (20) Referent 1.00

Apr 2004

 7/50 (14) 0.297 0.57 (0.20–1.64)

Jul 2004

 7/50 (14) 0.427 0.65 (0.23–1.88)

Sep 2004

 12/51 (6.3) 0.668 1.23 (0.48–3.18)

Feb 2005

 4/54 (6.9) 0.052 0.29 (0.08–1.01)

Apr 2005

 5/41 (6.9) 0.262 0.53 (0.18–1.59)

Jun 2005

 6/50 (12) 0.280 0.54 (0.18–1.63)

Sep 2005

 2/61 (3.3) 0.013 0.13 (0.03–0.65)

Feb and Mar 2006†

 1/71 (1.4) 0.007 0.05 (0.01–0.45)

May 2006

 1/50 (2) 0.019 0.08 (0.01–0.66)

Jul 2006

 7/50 (14) 0.427 0.65 (0.22–1.88)

Oct 2006

 1/50 (2)
0.019
0.08 (0.10–0.66)
Age

Juvenile

 7/194 (3.7) <0.001 1.00

Adult

 56/438 (12.8)
3.91 (1.75–8.75)
Sex

M

 44/395 (11.1) 0.213 1.00

F

 19/237 (8.1)
0.69 (0.39–1.22)
Female reproductive status

Dry

 4/65 (6.5) Referent 1.00

Pregnant

 4/19 (21) 0.077 3.87 (0.86–17.29)

Carrying a pup

 5/20 (25) 0.031 4.83 (1.15–20.24)

Nursing

 4/23 (17.4) 0.139 3.05 (0.69–13.40)

Juvenile

 2/113 (1.8) 0.128 0.26 (0.05–1.47)

*By χ2 test, Fisher exact, or simple logistic regression.
†Data were combined to enable analysis.

Main Article

1Members of the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group are listed on the group’s website (www.ecohealthalliance.org/herg).

Page created: December 20, 2012
Page updated: December 20, 2012
Page reviewed: December 20, 2012
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