Volume 19, Number 9—September 2013
Dispatch
Serogroup W135 Meningococcal Disease, The Gambia, 2012
Table 2
Matched univariate analysis for risk factors for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 during an outbreak, Central River Region and Upper River Region, The Gambia, February 1–June 25, 2012
Characteristic | Cases no. (%), n = 106 | Controls, no. (%), n = 106 | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
Mean age (±SD), y | 4 (3.9) | 3.9 (3.7) | 0.876* | |
Male sex | 66 (62) | 53 (50) | 1.7 (0.96–3.1) | 0.067 |
Ethnic group | ||||
Mandinka | 33 (31) | 31 (29) | Ref | |
Sarahule | 13 (12) | 13 (12) | 0.80 (0.5–13.7) | 0.881 |
Fula | 44 (42) | 39 (37) | 0.64 (0.2–1.9) | 0.421 |
Wollof | 17 (16) | 20 (19) | 1.6 (0.3–7.7) | 0.567 |
Other |
1 (01) |
1 (1) |
1.0 (0.1–21.5) |
0.993 |
Socioeconomic | ||||
Occupation: student | 22 (21) | 14 (13) | 5.0 (1.1–22.8) | 0.038 |
Mean age of student (±SD), y | 9.8 (4.7) | 9.6 (3.9) | 0.897* | |
Primary caretaker: mother | 92 (87) | 95 (90) | 0.8 (0.3–1.8) | 0.523 |
Occupation: farming | 66 (62 | 68 (64) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.73 |
Formal schooling: none | 90 (85) | 83 (78) | 1.5 (0.8–3.1) | 0.227 |
Housing | ||||
Floor earth or sand | 42 (40) | 42 (40) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 0.769 |
Roof with thatched | 36 (34) | 46 (43) | 0.57 (0.3–1.1) | 0.158 |
Wall with mud | 68 (64) | 74 (70) | 0.63 (0.3–1.4) | 0.381 |
Household item | ||||
Television | 22 (21) | 20 (19) | 1.2 (0.5–2.5) | 0.695 |
Bicycle | 82 (77) | 78 (74) | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | 0.481 |
Tube well for drinking water | 34 (32) | 31 (29) | 1.5 (0.5–4.2) | 0.442 |
Traditional pit latrine |
98 (92) |
98 (92) |
1.0 (0.3–3.1) |
1.0 |
Travel within 14 d before illness onset | ||||
Hospital or health center | 19 (18) | 23 (22) | 0.76 (0.37–1.6) | 0.467 |
Outside the village | 24 (22) | 23 (22) | 1.06 (0.55–2.1) | 0.866 |
Festival |
21 (20) |
18 (17) |
1.2 (0.60–2.4) |
0.602 |
Household crowding | ||||
>1 household in participant’s compound | 39 (37) | 40 (37) | 1.05 (0.57–1.9) | 0.876 |
Household member | ||||
Median (interquartile range) | 20 (5–79) | 18 (4–51) | 0.412 | |
>20 persons in household | 50 (47) | 40 (38) | 1.7 (0.88–3.3) | 0.109 |
Household member by age | ||||
>1 children >1 y | 72 (68) | 66 (62) | 1.3 (0.72–2.5) | 0.356 |
>4 children 1–5 y | 59 (56) | 48 (45) | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | 0.037 |
<5 persons in sleeping room | 25 (24) | 25 (24) | 1.0 (0.46–2.2) | 1.00 |
>1 window in sleeping room | 74 (70) | 64 (60) | 0.44 (0.19–1.0) | 0.056 |
>3 persons sharing same room | 68 (64) | 64 (60) | 1.2 (0.67–2.0) | 0.572 |
>1 person sharing same bed |
99 (93) |
103 (97) |
0.33 (0.07–1.6) |
0.178 |
Social crowding in 14 d before illness onset | ||||
Traveled in public transport in a week >1 d | 8 (8) | 15 (14) | 0.54 (0.21–1.4) | 0.187 |
Attended gathering larger than the no. persons living in participant’s compound | 37 (32) | 32 (30) | 1.1 (0.59–2.1) | 0.746 |
Attended school |
20 (19) |
14 (13) |
2.5 (0.78–8.0) |
0.103 |
Concurrent or recent respiratory or other illness within 14 d before illness onset | ||||
Cough | 43 (41) | 41 (39) | 1.1 (0.59–2.1) | 0.746 |
Nasal discharge | 50 (47) | 30 (28) | 3.0 (1.5–6.1) | 0.003 |
Sore throat | 11 (11) | 6 (6) | 2.0 (0.68–5.9) | 0.206 |
Difficult breathing | 17 (16) | 5 (5) | 7.0 (1.6–30.8) | 0.010 |
Itchy eyes | 18 (17) | 4 (4) | 4.5 (1.5–13.3) | 0.007 |
Itchy nose | 10 (10) | 3 (3) | 3.3 (0.91–12.1) | 0.067 |
Itchy throat | 4 (4) | 3 (3) | 1.3 (0.03–5.9) | 0.706 |
Ear infection | 9 (9) | 6 (6) | 1.6 (0.52–4.9) | 0.410 |
Diarrhea | 36 (34) | 27 (26) | 1.8 (0.86–3.6) | 0.122 |
Symptoms of respiratory infection (cough, nasal discharge or difficult breathing) |
61 (58) |
53 (50) |
1.5 (0.80–2.8) |
0.209 |
Contact with patients who have symptoms of meningoencephalitis within 14 d before illness onset | ||||
Knew any person with fever with convulsion, altered mental status or unconsciousness | 22 (21) | 18 (17) | 1.4 (0.62–3.2) | 0.416 |
Contact (within 1 m) with any person with symptoms of meningoencephalitis | 15 (15) | 6 (6) | 4.0 (1.1–14.1) | 0.032 |
Site of contact | ||||
No contact | 91 (86) | 100 (94) | 1 | |
Contact outside compound | 8 (8) | 4 (4) | 2.9 (0.70–12.4) | 0.142 |
Contact in household and compound |
7 (7) |
1 (2) |
7.4 (0.84–65.0) |
0.072 |
Exposure to smoke within 14 d before illness onset | ||||
Any person smoked cigarette or other tobacco products in household | 58 (55) | 57 (54) | 1.04 (0.58–1.9) | 0.882 |
Kitchen inside living room or veranda | 5 (5) | 2 (2) | 4.0 (0.45–35.8) | 0.215 |
Exposed to cooking smoke during cooking | 86 (81) | 78 (74) | 1.7 (0.82–3.6) | 0.149 |
Carried children (<2 y) on the back whiule cooking, n = 74 | 24 (65) | 20 (54) | 1.6 (0.60–4.6) | 0.323 |
Used mosquito repellent or fires to keep body warm |
10 (9.4) |
5 (4.7) |
2.7 (0.71–10.1) |
0.147 |
Child currently breast-feeding | 31 (29) | 37 (35) | 0.25 (0.05–1.2) | 0.080 |
*p value by Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test.