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Volume 19, Number 9—September 2013

Dispatch

Serogroup W135 Meningococcal Disease, The Gambia, 2012

M. Jahangir HossainComments to Author , Anna Roca, Grant A. Mackenzie, Momodou Jasseh, Mohammad Ilias Hossain, Shah Muhammad, Manjang Ahmed, Osuorah Donatus Chidiebere, Ndiaye Malick, S.M. Bilquees, Usman N. Ikumapayi, Baba Jeng, Baba Njie, Mamady Cham, Beate Kampmann, Tumani Corrah, Stephen Howie, and Umberto D’Alessandro
Author affiliations: Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, The Gambia (M.J. Hossain, A. Roca, G.A. Mackenzie, M. Jasseh, M.I. Hossain, S. Muhammad, M. Ahmed, O.D. Chidiebere, N. Malick, S.M. Bilquees, U.N. Ikumapayi, B. Kampmann, T. Corrah, S. Howie, U. D’Alessandro); Ministry of Health, Banjul (B. Jeng, B. Njie, M. Cham); Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium (U. D’Alessandro)

Main Article

Table 2

Matched univariate analysis for risk factors for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 during an outbreak, Central River Region and Upper River Region, The Gambia, February 1–June 25, 2012

Characteristic Cases no. (%), n = 106 Controls, no. (%), n = 106 Odds ratio (95% CI) p value
Demographic
Mean age (±SD), y 4 (3.9) 3.9 (3.7) 0.876*
Male sex 66 (62) 53 (50) 1.7 (0.96–3.1) 0.067
Ethnic group
Mandinka 33 (31) 31 (29) Ref
Sarahule 13 (12) 13 (12) 0.80 (0.5–13.7) 0.881
Fula 44 (42) 39 (37) 0.64 (0.2–1.9) 0.421
Wollof 17 (16) 20 (19) 1.6 (0.3–7.7) 0.567
Other
 1 (01)
 1 (1)
 1.0 (0.1–21.5)
 0.993
Socioeconomic
Occupation: student 22 (21) 14 (13) 5.0 (1.1–22.8) 0.038
Mean age of student (±SD), y 9.8 (4.7) 9.6 (3.9) 0.897*
Primary caretaker: mother 92 (87) 95 (90) 0.8 (0.3–1.8) 0.523
Occupation: farming 66 (62 68 (64) 0.9 (0.5–1.7) 0.73
Formal schooling: none 90 (85) 83 (78) 1.5 (0.8–3.1) 0.227
Housing
Floor earth or sand 42 (40) 42 (40) 1.0 (0.5–1.9) 0.769
Roof with thatched 36 (34) 46 (43) 0.57 (0.3–1.1) 0.158
Wall with mud 68 (64) 74 (70) 0.63 (0.3–1.4) 0.381
Household item
Television 22 (21) 20 (19) 1.2 (0.5–2.5) 0.695
Bicycle 82 (77) 78 (74) 1.3 (0.6–2.6) 0.481
Tube well for drinking water 34 (32) 31 (29) 1.5 (0.5–4.2) 0.442
Traditional pit latrine
 98 (92)
 98 (92)
 1.0 (0.3–3.1)
 1.0
Travel within 14 d before illness onset
Hospital or health center 19 (18) 23 (22) 0.76 (0.37–1.6) 0.467
Outside the village 24 (22) 23 (22) 1.06 (0.55–2.1) 0.866
Festival
 21 (20)
 18 (17)
 1.2 (0.60–2.4)
 0.602
Household crowding
>1 household in participant’s compound 39 (37) 40 (37) 1.05 (0.57–1.9) 0.876
Household member
Median (interquartile range) 20 (5–79) 18 (4–51) 0.412
>20 persons in household 50 (47) 40 (38) 1.7 (0.88–3.3) 0.109
Household member by age
>1 children >1 y 72 (68) 66 (62) 1.3 (0.72–2.5) 0.356
>4 children 1–5 y 59 (56) 48 (45) 2.1 (1.1–4.1) 0.037
<5 persons in sleeping room 25 (24) 25 (24) 1.0 (0.46–2.2) 1.00
>1 window in sleeping room 74 (70) 64 (60) 0.44 (0.19–1.0) 0.056
>3 persons sharing same room 68 (64) 64 (60) 1.2 (0.67–2.0) 0.572
>1 person sharing same bed
 99 (93)
 103 (97)
 0.33 (0.07–1.6)
 0.178
Social crowding in 14 d before illness onset
Traveled in public transport in a week >1 d 8 (8) 15 (14) 0.54 (0.21–1.4) 0.187
Attended gathering larger than the no. persons living in participant’s compound 37 (32) 32 (30) 1.1 (0.59–2.1) 0.746
Attended school
 20 (19)
 14 (13)
 2.5 (0.78–8.0)
 0.103
Concurrent or recent respiratory or other illness within 14 d before illness onset
Cough 43 (41) 41 (39) 1.1 (0.59–2.1) 0.746
Nasal discharge 50 (47) 30 (28) 3.0 (1.5–6.1) 0.003
Sore throat 11 (11) 6 (6) 2.0 (0.68–5.9) 0.206
Difficult breathing 17 (16) 5 (5) 7.0 (1.6–30.8) 0.010
Itchy eyes 18 (17) 4 (4) 4.5 (1.5–13.3) 0.007
Itchy nose 10 (10) 3 (3) 3.3 (0.91–12.1) 0.067
Itchy throat 4 (4) 3 (3) 1.3 (0.03–5.9) 0.706
Ear infection 9 (9) 6 (6) 1.6 (0.52–4.9) 0.410
Diarrhea 36 (34) 27 (26) 1.8 (0.86–3.6) 0.122
Symptoms of respiratory infection (cough, nasal discharge or difficult breathing)
 61 (58)
 53 (50)
 1.5 (0.80–2.8)
 0.209
Contact with patients who have symptoms of meningoencephalitis within 14 d before illness onset
Knew any person with fever with convulsion, altered mental status or unconsciousness 22 (21) 18 (17) 1.4 (0.62–3.2) 0.416
Contact (within 1 m) with any person with symptoms of meningoencephalitis 15 (15) 6 (6) 4.0 (1.1–14.1) 0.032
Site of contact
No contact 91 (86) 100 (94) 1
Contact outside compound 8 (8) 4 (4) 2.9 (0.70–12.4) 0.142
Contact in household and compound
 7 (7)
 1 (2)
 7.4 (0.84–65.0)
 0.072
Exposure to smoke within 14 d before illness onset
Any person smoked cigarette or other tobacco products in household 58 (55) 57 (54) 1.04 (0.58–1.9) 0.882
Kitchen inside living room or veranda 5 (5) 2 (2) 4.0 (0.45–35.8) 0.215
Exposed to cooking smoke during cooking 86 (81) 78 (74) 1.7 (0.82–3.6) 0.149
Carried children (<2 y) on the back whiule cooking, n = 74 24 (65) 20 (54) 1.6 (0.60–4.6) 0.323
Used mosquito repellent or fires to keep body warm
 10 (9.4)
 5 (4.7)
 2.7 (0.71–10.1)
 0.147
Child currently breast-feeding 31 (29) 37 (35) 0.25 (0.05–1.2) 0.080

*p value by Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test.

Main Article

Page created: August 20, 2013
Page updated: August 20, 2013
Page reviewed: August 20, 2013
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