Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 20, Number 1—January 2014
Dispatch

Mother-to-Child Transmission of Congenital Chagas Disease, Japan

Author affiliations: National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan (K. Imai, T. Maeda, K. Mikita, Y. Fujikura, K. Misawa, M. Nagumo, T. Ono, Y. Miyahira, A. Kawana); Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan (Y. Sayama, S. Miura); Tokai University Oiso Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan (O. Iwata); National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo (I. Kurane)

Cite This Article

Abstract

We report a patient with congenital Chagas disease in Japan. This report reemphasizes the role of neglected and emerging tropical diseases in the era of globalization. It also indicates the need for increased vigilance for detecting Chagas disease in non–disease-endemic countries.

Chagas disease, which is caused by the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, was previously endemic only to Central and South America but is now estimated to affect up to 10 million persons worldwide (1). Recent unprecedented trends in globalization have been accompanied by the migration of ≈14 million persons from disease-endemic regions to North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia. Consequently, and as predicted, sporadic reports of patients with chronic Chagas disease have emerged, and documented cases have presumably been caused by chronically infected persons who migrated from disease-endemic countries (2). Despite the wide geographic spread of patients with Chagas disease, cases of congenital transmission in non–disease-endemic countries have been documented (Table 1) (3)

It is estimated that ≈300,000 immigrants from Latin America, to which Chagas disease is endemic, are currently living in Japan and that ≈34,000 births from these immigrants have occurred in the past 10 years. However, vertical transmission of the disease in Japan has not been detected, probably because of the lack of screening programs for at-risk pregnant women and the disregard for the silent clinical manifestation of congenital Chagas disease.

The World Health Organization recommends that each country should strengthen its national and regional capacity to prevent and control congenital transmission of infectious pathogens while improving case management (4). We report a patient with congenital Chagas disease in Japan. We also highlight the need for increasing awareness of congenital transmission and urge establishment of an appropriate diagnostic and treatment system for Chagas disease in nonendemic countries.

The Patient

In October 2012, a 13-year-old boy in Japan was admitted to the National Defense Medical College Hospital in Saitama, Japan, for chronic constipation. His parents and grandparents were Bolivian nationals of Japanese descent who had lived in Chagas disease–endemic areas in Bolivia until 1992. In 1999, the boy was delivered full-term after an uncomplicated pregnancy in Japan but had a low birthweight. He was in excellent health and showed no signs of disease until 2 years before his admission, when he began to report chronic constipation. At that time, he had a medical examination at a Catholic church because most hospitals in Japan could not make a definitive diagnosis of Chagas disease. He underwent serodiagnostic screening for T. cruzi infection. The boy and his mother were seropositive for T. cruzi.

Figure

Thumbnail of Abdominal radiograph of a 13-year-old boy with congenital Chagas disease, Japan, showing megacolon and marked dilatation at the splenic flexure.

Figure. . Abdominal radiograph of a 13-year-old boy with congenital Chagas disease, Japan, showing megacolon and marked dilatation at the splenic flexure.

After admission, he reported extreme constipation and explained that he defecated only once per week. Results of laboratory tests at admission, including those for serum brain natriuretic peptide, were generally within reference ranges. However, abdominal radiography showed major distension of the colon that extended 65 mm (Figure).

The definitive diagnosis, including effectiveness of antiparasitic treatment, was confirmed by using serologic, genomic, and parasitologic methods (Table 2). An ELISA (ORTHO T. cruzi ELISA Test System; Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA) was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. A nested PCR that amplifies a DNA fragment of a repetitive TCZ sequence was performed as described (5). The parasite was also isolated by blood culture on Novy, McNeal, and Nicolle agar (6) and examined by light microscopy and real-time PCR. All tests showed positive results. It was later determined that the boy’s mother was also seropositive for Chagas disease. The boy was given a diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease accompanied by megacolon.

The patient was treated with oral benznidazole (5 mg/kg/d for 60 days) and showed no adverse effects. Parasitemia and DNA of T. cruzi in peripheral blood could not be detected by the end of treatment. To ensure successful treatment and cure, we intend to clinically follow up the patient for several decades until serologic results eventually become negative (7).

Conclusions

Chagas disease is usually regarded as one of the most serious health problems in rural areas of Central and South America. However, recent successful vector control programs to reduce vector-borne transmission have dramatically changed the epidemiology of this disease (8). Mass migration of chronically infected and asymptomatic persons has caused globalization of Chagas disease, and has made nonvectorial infection, including vertical and blood-borne transmission, more of a threat to human communities than vectorial infection (9).

On the basis of local and limited serologic surveys, the presumptive number of chagasic patients living in Japan is currently 4,500, compared with >100,000 in the United States and >6,000 in Spain (2). Sporadic imported cases have been recognized and reported in Japan in the past decade, but the exact incidence is unknown. Most cases were diagnosed only after patients had critical complications, including severe cardiac involvement (10). It is also conceivable that chagasic patients with less severe cardiac symptoms or gastrointestinal involvement have sought treatment at local hospitals in Japan, where the potential for missing or misdiagnosing the disease would likely be high. The difficulty in making a correct diagnosis of Chagas disease is compounded in Japan by low awareness and recognition of the disease by medical staff; scarcity of epidemiologic or statistical data; and lack of diagnostic tools, resources, and facilities available to help with the differential diagnosis.

There is currently no laboratory test–based screening system for donated blood to detect Chagas disease in Japan. Instead, a questionnaire is used to determine if donors have any connections with disease-endemic regions. As of October 2012, to avoid transmission through transfusions, Japanese Red Cross Blood Centers no longer use donated blood for transfusions or producing blood products if the donor or donor’s mother has spent ≥4 weeks in Latin America. Therefore, before 2012, it is difficult to estimate how many contaminated blood donations were overlooked in Japan.

The estimated vertical transmission rate from an infected mother to her newborn is ≈5% in Bolivia (11). If one considers that 34,000 children were born to Latin American women during the past decade in Japan and that the seroprevalence of T. cruzi is estimated to be 1.8%, the number of infected newborns in the past decade is ≈30. However, there are no current screening programs for Chagas disease in Japan to detect chronically infected persons, including pregnant women and newborns.

The patient in this study had congenital chagasic infection, accompanied by advanced gastrointestinal complications. The delay in diagnosis for this patient case was caused by the absence of a screening program in Japan, a problem which also makes it impossible to determine the precise number of pregnant women and newborns with T. cruzi infection in this country. In Spain, the most affected country in Europe, a specific program was developed to focus on migrants from Latin American woman of childbearing age. Since its introduction, the program has contributed not only to the early diagnosis of Chagas disease but also to improvements in the quality of life and prognosis for patients (12).

Because the therapeutic efficacy of treatment, including benznidazole, for infection with T. cruzi is >90% in infants with congenitally transmitted Chagas disease if treated during the first year of life (13), it would be ideal for all pregnant women entering Japan from disease-endemic countries to be screened for the presence of serum antibody against T. cruzi. This report indicates the urgent need for implementing proper measures to prevent the vertical transmission of T. cruzi in non–Chagas disease–endemic countries, including Japan.

Dr Imai is a first-year internal medicine resident at the National Defense Medical College Hospital in Saitama, Japan. His research interests include molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases and clinical parasitology.

Top

Acknowledgment

This study was partly supported by a grant for Research on Regulatory Science of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan (H23-iyaku-ippan-003).

Top

References

  1. Jannin  J, Salvatella  R, editors. Quantitative estimates of Chagas disease in the Americas. Washington (DC): Pan American Health Organization; 2006.
  2. Schmunis  GA. Epidemiology of Chagas disease in non-endemic countries: the role of international migration. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2007;102:7585. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Oliveira  I, Torrico  F, Muñoz  J, Gascon  J. Congenital transmission of Chagas disease: a clinical approach. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010;8:94556. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. World Health Organization. Chagas disease: control and elimination. A62/17. 62nd World Health Assembly. Geneva, May 18–22, 2009 [cited 2013 Sep 17]. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/ pdf_files/A62/A62_17-en.pdf.
  5. Marcon  GE, Andrade  PD, de Albuquerque  DM, Wanderley da Silva  J, de Almeida  EA, Guariento  ME, Use of a nested-polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples from chronic chagasic patients and patients with doubtful serologies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;43:3943. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. World Health Organization. The leishmaniases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1984;701:1140 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Rassi  A, Luquetti  AO. Specific treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas disease). In: Tyler KM, Miles MM, editors. American trypanosomiasis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2013. p. 117–25.
  8. Schmunis  GA, Yadon  ZE. Chagas disease: a Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop. 2010;115:1421. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Muñoz  J, Gómez i Prat  J, Gállego  M, Gimeno  F, Treviño  B, López-Chejade  P, Clinical profile of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a non-endemic setting: immigration and Chagas disease in Barcelona (Spain). Acta Trop. 2009;111:515. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Satoh  F, Tachibana  H, Hasegawa  I, Osawa  M. Sudden death caused by chronic Chagas disease in a non-endemic country: autopsy report. Pathol Int. 2010;60:23540 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Torrico  F, Alonso-Vega  C, Suarez  E, Rodriguez  P, Torrico  MC, Dramaix  M, Maternal Trypanosoma cruzi infection, pregnancy outcome, morbidity, and mortality of congenitally infected and non-infected newborns in Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:2019 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Navarro  M, Perez-Ayala  A, Guionnet  A, Perez-Molina  JA, Navaza  B, Estevez  L, Targeted screening and health education for Chagas disease tailored to at-risk migrants in Spain, 2007 to 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011;16:19973 .PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Altcheh  J, Biancardi  M, Lapeña  A, Ballering  G, Freilij  H. Congenital Chagas disease: experience in the Hospital de Niños, Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2005;38:415 .PubMedGoogle Scholar

Top

Figure
Tables

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2001.131071

Table of Contents – Volume 20, Number 1—January 2014

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Takuya Maeda, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama 359-8513, JapanTakuya Maeda, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama 359-8513, JapanTakuya Maeda, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: January 03, 2014
Page updated: January 03, 2014
Page reviewed: January 03, 2014
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external