Transdermal Diagnosis of Malaria Using Vapor Nanobubbles
Ekaterina Lukianova-Hleb, Sarah Bezek, Reka Szigeti, Alexander Khodarev, Thomas Kelley, Andrew Hurrell, Michail Berba, Nirbhay Kumar, Umberto D’Alessandro, and Dmitri Lapotko
Author affiliations: Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA (E. Lukianova-Hleb, D. Lapotko); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (S. Bezek, R. Szigeti); Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston (S. Bezek, R. Szigeti); X Instruments LLC, Fremont, California, USA (A. Khodarev); Precision Acoustics Ltd, Dorset, UK (T. Kelley, A. Hurrell); Standa UAB, Vilnius, Lithuania (M. Berba); Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (N. Kumar); Medical Research Council, Banjul, The Gambia (U. D’Alessandro); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (U. D’Alessandro)
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Figure 1
Figure 1. A) Experimental laboratory prototype of a malaria diagnostic device with the pulsed laser and the integrated probe shown being scanned across a human wrist. B) Functional diagram of the prototype and the principle of transdermal optical excitation and acoustic detection of vapor nanobubbles around hemozoin in malaria-infected cells exposed to the laser pulses (green arrows). H-VNB, hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubble.
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