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Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016
Dispatch

Human Brucellosis in Febrile Patients Seeking Treatment at Remote Hospitals, Northeastern Kenya, 2014–2015

John NjeruComments to Author , Falk Melzer, Gamal Wareth, Hosny El-Adawy, Klaus Henning, Mathias W. Pletz, Regine Heller, Samuel Kariuki, Eric M. Fèvre, and Heinrich Neubauer
Author affiliations: Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany (J. Njeru, F. Melzer, G. Wareth, H. El-Adawy, K. Henning, H. Neubauer); Friedrich Schiller University, Jena (J. Njeru, M.W. Pletz, R. Heller); Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (J. Njeru, S. Kariuki); Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt (G. Wareth); Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt (H. El-Adawy); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (E. Fèvre); International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi (E. Fèvre)

Main Article

Table 2

Results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, by demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary risk factors associated with brucellosis, northeastern Kenya, 2014–2015*

Characteristic No. (%) positive for brucellosis, n = 146 Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)† p value
Occupation
Herder 109 (16.1) 1.82 (1.22–2.71)‡ 1.69 (1.25–3.44) 0.023
Other
 37 (9.5)
 Referent
 Referent
 NA
History of fever, >14 d
Yes 75 (18.7) 3.71 (2.75–10.94)‡ 2.86 (1.91–6.74) 0.003
No
 71 (10.7)
 Referent
 Referent
 NA
Contact with goats§
Yes 107 (15.5) 1.31 (0.87–2.29)¶ Referent NA
No
 38 (10.1)
 Referent
 NA
NA
Contact with cattle
Yes 101 (21.7) 3.15 (2.84–4.87)‡ 6.50 (3.48–14.56) <0.001
No
 45 (7.5)
 Referent
 NA
NA
Contact with multiple animal species
Yes 78 (19.6) 2.59 (2.16–7.66)‡ 2.35 (2.14–8.63) 0.013
No
 68 (10.2)
 Referent
 NA
NA
Frequent slaughtering of animals
Yes 83 (21.7) 3.86 (3.21–5.69)‡ 2.20 (2.07–5.87) <0.001
No
 63 (9.2)
 Referent
 Referent
 NA
Frequent handling of raw milk
Yes 93 (15.8) 1.41 (0.75–2.15)¶ NA NA
No
 53 (11.1)
 Referent
 Referent
 NA
Frequent consumption of raw cattle milk
Yes 86 (26.0) 4.07 (2.39–9.55)‡ 3.88 (2.16–5.47) <0.001
No
 60 (8.2)
 Referent
 Referent
 NA
Frequent consumption of locally fermented milk products
Yes 72 (17.6) 1.68 (0.92–3.75)¶ NA NA
No
 74 (11.2)
 Referent
 Referent
 NA
Frequent consumption of raw goat milk
Yes 33 (17.9) 1.50 (0.98–2.95)¶ NA NA
No
 113 (12.8)
 Referent
 Referent
NA
Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test NA NA NA 0.228
AUC (ROC) NA NA 0.745 (0.680–0.812) <0.001

*AUC, area under the curve; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
†Adjusted for age, sex, and site.
‡p<0.05.
§Contact with goats (referent variable in multivariable model).
¶Variables with p<0.20 (Wald test) considered as potential risk and subsequently fitted in the multivariate analysis.

Main Article

Page created: November 18, 2016
Page updated: November 18, 2016
Page reviewed: November 18, 2016
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