Volume 22, Number 4—April 2016
Perspective
Determinants and Drivers of Infectious Disease Threat Events in Europe
Jan C. Semenza
, Elisabet Lindgren, Laszlo Balkanyi, Laura Espinosa, My S. Almqvist, Pasi Penttinen, and Joacim Rocklöv
, Elisabet Lindgren, Laszlo Balkanyi, Laura Espinosa, My S. Almqvist, Pasi Penttinen, and Joacim Rocklöv
Table 2
Infectious disease threat events detected in Europe, 2008–2013
| Threat event category | Definition and examples* |
|---|---|
| Foodborne and waterborne |
All types of diseases caused by the transmission of organisms through food or water (e.g., drinking water, recreational water): salmonellosis, hepatitis A, Escherichia coli infection, norovirus infection, shigellosis. |
| Vectorborne and rodentborne |
All vectorborne and rodentborne diseases (epidemics or first autochthonous cases): West Nile fever, malaria, dengue fever, Hantavirus infection. |
| Other zoonoses |
Diseases caused by transmission of organisms through contact with animals or animal discharges: Q fever, cowpox disease, psittacosis. |
| Vaccine preventable |
Main vaccine-preventable diseases that are normally part of the public health system’s vaccination programs: measles, pertussis, mumps (boys), rubella (girls). |
| Multidrug resistance associated |
Emerging multidrug-resistant infections of public health concern: carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella pneumoniae. |
| Healthcare associated |
Infections contracted while hospitalized or transmitted through healthcare practices: meningococcal meningitis. |
| Injection drug use associated |
Infections caused by injection drug use: botulism, HIV, anthrax. |
| Sexually transmitted |
Emerging sexually transmitted diseases and increases in incidence of serious complications: meningococcal infections. |
| Influenza |
Seasonal influenza and other pandemic influenzas. |
| Airborne | Respiratory diseases acquired through transmission of pathogens through air (e.g., particles, droplets): for example, legionellosis. Includes respiratory infections that can be transmitted through air or other pathways, including infections transmitted through aerosols, fomites, or direct contact: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. |
*Examples are purposely not exhaustive and should be considered illustrative.
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Page updated: March 15, 2016
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