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Volume 23, Number 8—August 2017
Dispatch

Risk for Death among Children with Pneumonia, Afghanistan

Rahmani Zabihullah1, Bhim G. Dhoubhadel1, Ferogh A. Rauf, Sahab A. Shafiq, Motoi Suzuki, Kiwao Watanabe, Lay M. Yoshida, Michio Yasunami, Salihi Zabihullah, Christopher M. Parry, Rabi Mirwais, and Koya AriyoshiComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan (R. Zabihullah, B.G. Dhoubhadel, M. Suzuki, K. Watanabe, L.M. Yoshida, M. Yasunami, C.M. Parry, K. Ariyoshi); Abu Ali Sina Balkhi Regional Hospital, Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan (F.A. Rauf, S.A. Shafiq, S. Zabihullah); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (C.M. Parry); Public Health Department, Balkh Province, Afghanistan (R. Mirwais)

Main Article

Table 2

Risk factors for death from pneumonia among children <5 years of age hospitalized at Abu Ali Sina Balkhi Regional Hospital, Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan, December 2012–March 2013

Variable Discharged, no. (%), n = 542 Deceased, no. (%), n = 75 Odds ratio (95% CI) p value Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)* p value
Sex
F 186 (34.3) 32 (42.7) 1.42 (0.87–2.32) 0.15 1.61 (0.96–2.71) 0.06
M
356 (65.7)
43 (57.3)
1

1

Age, mo
<1 (newborn) 9 (1.7) 8 (10.7) 11.1 (3.36–36.6) <0.01 13.1 (3.71–46.5) <0.01
1–11 433 (89.9) 59 (78.6) 1.70 (0.78–3.67) 0.17 1.59 (0.72–3.49) 0.24
>12
100 (18.4)
8 (10.7)
1



Maternal illiteracy
Literate 83 (15.3) 7 (9.3) 0.56 (0.25–1.28) 0.17 0.62 (0.26–1.45) 0.27
Illiterate
459 (84.7)
68 (90.7)
1



Duration of illness, d
>7 80 (14.8) 17 (22.7) 1.56 (0.85–2.85) 0.14 1.73 (0.92–3.25) 0.08
<7
462 (85.2)
58 (77.3)
1



Ethnicity
Tajik 252 (46.5) 35 (46.7) 1
Pashtoon 105 (19.4) 16 (21.3) 1.09 (0.58–2.06) 0.77 0.80 (0.40–1.60) 0.54
Uzbek 62 (11.5) 10 (13.3) 1.16 (0.54–2.47) 0.69 1.04 (0.47–2.31) 0.91
Hazara 89 (16.4) 11 (14.7) 0.88 (0.43–1.82) 0.75 0.81 (0.38–1.72) 0.58
Other
34 (6.3)
3 (4.0)
0.63 (0.18–2.17)
0.47
0.48 (0.13–1.75)
0.27
Received antimicrobial drugs before hospitalization
Yes 476 (87.8) 65 (86.7) 1.09 (0.47–2.49) 0.83
No 56 (10.3) 7 (9.3) 1
Unknown
10 (1.9)
3 (4.0)
2.4 (0.52–10.9)
0.24


Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine
Received 474 (87.4) 55 (73.3) 0.39 (0.22–0.69) <0.01 0.47 (0.25–0.88) 0.02
Not received
68 (12.6)
20 (26.7)
1



>1 dose pentavalent vaccine, n = 547†
Received 380 (79.0) 44 (66.7) 0.53 (0.30–0.92) 0.02
Not received
101 (21.0)
22 (33.3)
1



Measles vaccine, n = 165†
Received 98 (64.9) 6 (42.9) 0.40 (0.13–1.23) 0.11
Not received
53 (35.1)
8 (57.1)
1



Vitamin A, n = 336†
Received 111 (37.1) 7 (18.9) 0.39 (0.16–0.92) 0.03
Not received
188 (62.9)
30 (81.1)
1



Malnutrition‡
Detected 199 (36.7) 41 (54.7) 2.06 (1.26–3.35) <0.01 2.06 (1.22–3.49) <0.01
Not detected
340 (62.7)
34 (45.3)
1



Anemia
Detected 246 (45.4) 39 (52.0) 1.32 (0.76–2.29) 0.31
Not detected 192 (35.4) 23 (30.7) 1
Not evaluated 104 (19.2) 13 (17.3) 1.04 (0.50–2.14) 0.90

*Age, sex, ethnicities and variables with p<0.2 in univariate analyses were included in multivariate analysis; blank cells indicate variables without p<0.2 in univariate analysis. Because they had collinearity, bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine was included with vaccines and vitamin A was included in multivariate analysis.
†No. children eligible for the vaccines or vitamin A.
‡3 children, whose nutritional status was unknown, were excluded.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: July 17, 2017
Page updated: July 17, 2017
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