Volume 24, Number 10—October 2018
CME ACTIVITY - Synopsis
Human Pegivirus in Patients with Encephalitis of Unclear Etiology, Poland
Figure 3
References
- Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Pilot-Matias TJ, Muerhoff AS, Schlauder GG, et al. Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis. Nat Med. 1995;1:564–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Linnen J, Wages J Jr, Zhang-Keck ZY, Fry KE, Krawczynski KZ, Alter H, et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent. Science. 1996;271:505–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Laskus T, Radkowski M, Wang LF, Vargas H, Rakela J. Lack of evidence for hepatitis G virus replication in the livers of patients coinfected with hepatitis C and G viruses. J Virol. 1997;71:7804–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pessoa MG, Terrault NA, Detmer J, Kolberg J, Collins M, Hassoba HM, et al. Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic. Hepatology. 1998;27:877–80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510270335PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Adams MJ, King AM, Carstens EB. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013). Arch Virol. 2013;158:2023–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16:757–68.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Mphahlele MJ, Lau GK, Carman WF. HGV: the identification, biology and prevalence of an orphan virus. Liver. 1998;18:143–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xiang J, Wünschmann S, Diekema DJ, Klinzman D, Patrick KD, George SL, et al. Effect of coinfection with GB virus C on survival among patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:707–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT. GB virus C: the good boy virus? Trends Microbiol. 2012;20:124–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nakamura S, Takagi T, Matsuda T. Hepatitis G virus RNA in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 1997;98:1051–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Krajden M, Yu A, Braybrook H, Lai AS, Mak A, Chow R, et al. GBV-C/hepatitis G virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case control study. Int J Cancer. 2010;126:2885–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Leyssen P, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Perspectives for the treatment of infections with Flaviviridae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:67–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Granerod J, Crowcroft NS. The epidemiology of acute encephalitis. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007;17:406–28.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Granerod J, Tam CC, Crowcroft NS, Davies NW, Borchert M, Thomas SL. Challenge of the unknown. A systematic review of acute encephalitis in non-outbreak situations. Neurology. 2010;75:924–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kriesel JD, Hobbs MR, Jones BB, Milash B, Nagra RM, Fischer KF. Deep sequencing for the detection of virus-like sequences in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis: detection of GBV-C in human brain. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31886.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wei F, Xu M, Mou D, Zhang T, et al. Detection of GB virus C genomic sequence in the cerebrospinal fluid of a HIV-infected patient in China: a case report and literature review. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144:106–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fridholm H, Østergaard Sørensen L, Rosenstierne MW, Nielsen H, Sellebjerg F, Bengård Andersen Å, et al. Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array. J Clin Virol. 2016;77:5–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Popiel M, Perlejewski K, Bednarska A, Dzieciątkowski T, Paciorek M, Lipowski D, et al. Viral etiologies in adult patients with encephalitis in Poland: A prospective single center study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0178481.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Laskus T, Radkowski M, Wang LF, Vargas H, Rakela J. Detection of hepatitis G virus replication sites by using highly strand-specific Tth-based reverse transcriptase PCR. J Virol. 1998;72:3072–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Smith DB, Basaras M, Frost S, Haydon D, Cuceanu N, Prescott L, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus. J Gen Virol. 2000;81:769–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Laskus T, Wilkinson J, Gallegos-Orozco JF, Radkowski M, Adair DM, Nowicki M, et al. Analysis of hepatitis C virus quasispecies transmission and evolution in patients infected through blood transfusion. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:764–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet. 2011;17:10–2 2011. https://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.17.1.200
- Hannon Laboratory. FastX Toolkit. 2015 [cited 2018 Jul 30]. http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/index.html
- Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, et al. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:2947–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, Sánchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, et al. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol Biol Evol. 2017;34:3299–302.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zuker M. Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31:3406–15.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jespersen MC, Peters B, Nielsen M, Marcatili P. BepiPred-2.0: improving sequence-based B-cell epitope prediction using conformational epitopes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(W1):W24–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Simons JN, Desai SM, Schultz DE, Lemon SM, Mushahwar IK. Translation initiation in GB viruses A and C: evidence for internal ribosome entry and implications for genome organization. J Virol. 1996;70:6126–35.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bednar MM, Sturdevant CB, Tompkins LA, Arrildt KT, Dukhovlinova E, Kincer LP, et al. Compartmentalization, viral evolution, and viral latency of HIV in the CNS. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12:262–71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Nowicki M, Adair D, Vargas H, Ingui C, et al. Search for hepatitis C virus negative-strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication. J Virol. 2002;76:600–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Forton DM, Karayiannis P, Mahmud N, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thomas HC. Identification of unique hepatitis C virus quasispecies in the central nervous system and comparative analysis of internal translational efficiency of brain, liver, and serum variants. J Virol. 2004;78:5170–83.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jørgensen GE, Hammarin AL, Bratt G, Grandien M, Flaegstad T, Johnsen JI. Identification of a unique BK virus variant in the CNS of a patient with AIDS. J Med Virol. 2003;70:14–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Radkowski M, Kubicka J, Kisiel E, Cianciara J, Nowicki M, Rakela J, et al. Detection of active hepatitis C virus and hepatitis G virus/GB virus C replication in bone marrow in human subjects. Blood. 2000;95:3986–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tucker TJ, Smuts HE, Eedes C, Knobel GD, Eickhaus P, Robson SC, et al. Evidence that the GBV-C/hepatitis G virus is primarily a lymphotropic virus. J Med Virol. 2000;61:52–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, Rydze RT, Winters MA, Holodniy M, Stapleton JT. Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. J Gen Virol. 2014;95:1307–19.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol. 2015;96:1521–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hickey WF. Leukocyte traffic in the central nervous system: the participants and their roles. Semin Immunol. 1999;11:125–37.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hickey WF, Vass K, Lassmann H. Bone marrow-derived elements in the central nervous system: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural survey of rat chimeras. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1992;51:246–56.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Unger ER, Sung JH, Manivel JC, Chenggis ML, Blazar BR, Krivit W. Male donor-derived cells in the brains of female sex-mismatched bone marrow transplant recipients: a Y-chromosome specific in situ hybridization study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1993;52:460–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hickey WF, Hsu BL, Kimura H. T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res. 1991;28:254–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Knopf PM, Harling-Berg CJ, Cserr HF, Basu D, Sirulnick EJ, Nolan SC, et al. Antigen-dependent intrathecal antibody synthesis in the normal rat brain: tissue entry and local retention of antigen-specific B cells. J Immunol. 1998;161:692–701.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zheng J, Gendelman HE. The HIV-1 associated dementia complex: a metabolic encephalopathy fueled by viral replication in mononuclear phagocytes. Curr Opin Neurol. 1997;10:319–25.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davies NW, Brown LJ, Gonde J, Irish D, Robinson RO, Swan AV, et al. Factors influencing PCR detection of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with suspected CNS infections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:82–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Radkowski M, Przyjalkowski W, Lipowski D, Wang LF, Laskus T. Lack of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus sequences in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with central nervous system infections. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30:539.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kaiser R. Tick-borne encephalitis: Clinical findings and prognosis in adults. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2012;162:239–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Růžek D, Dobler G, Donoso Mantke O. Tick-borne encephalitis: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010;8:223–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Agol VI. The 5′-untranslated region of picornaviral genomes. Adv Virus Res. 1991;40:103–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dockter J, Evans CF, Tishon A, Oldstone MB. Competitive selection in vivo by a cell for one variant over another: implications for RNA virus quasispecies in vivo. J Virol. 1996;70:1799–803.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- McLinden JH, Kaufman TM, Xiang J, Chang Q, Klinzman D, Engel AM, et al. Characterization of an immunodominant antigenic site on GB virus C glycoprotein E2 that is involved in cell binding. J Virol. 2006;80:12131–40.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Domingo E, Sheldon J, Perales C. Viral quasispecies evolution. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012;76:159–216.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: September 14, 2018
Page updated: September 14, 2018
Page reviewed: September 14, 2018
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.