Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 25, Number 4—April 2019
Research

Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Children of Rural Areas of The Gambia, 2008–2015

Aderonke OdutolaComments to Author , Christian Bottomley, Syed A. Zaman, Jodi Lindsay, Muhammed Shah, Ilias Hossain, Malick Ndiaye, Chidebere D.I. Osuorah, Yekini Olatunji, Henry Badji, Usman N.A. Ikumapayi, Ahmad Manjang, Rasheed Salaudeen, Lamin Ceesay, Momodou Jasseh, Richard A. Adegbola, Tumani Corrah, Philip C. Hill, Brian M. Greenwood, and Grant A. Mackenzie
Author affiliations: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (A. Odutola, C. Bottomley, S.A. Zaman, B.M. Greenwood, G.A. Mackenzie); Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia (A. Odutola, S.A. Zaman, M. Shah, I. Hossain, M. Ndiaye, C.D.I. Osuorah, Y. Olatunji, H. Badji, U.N.A. Ikumapayi, A. Manjang, R. Salaudeen, M. Jasseh, R.A. Adegbola, T. Corrah, G.A. Mackenzie); St. George’s University of London, London (J. Lindsay); King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Manjang); Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul (L. Ceesay); University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C. Hill); Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (G.A. Mackenzie)

Main Article

Table 4

Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from children <5 years of age identified through 2 surveillance systems, The Gambia, 2008–2015*

Antimicrobial drug No. isolates tested No. (%) sensitive No. (%) intermediate No. (%) resistant
Cefoxitin† 193 187 (96.9) 0 6 (3.1)
Chloramphenicol 186 176 (94.6) 2 (1.1) 8 (4.3)
Cotrimoxazole 180 119 (66.1) 21 (11.7) 40 (22.2)
Erythromycin 173 141 (81.5) 24 (13.9) 8 (4.6)
Gentamicin 177 174 (98.3) 0 3 (1.7)
Oxacillin 194 170 (87.6) 24 (12.4) 0
Tetracycline 180 128 (71.1) 2 (1.1) 50 (27.8)

*Surveillance data are from the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System and the Fuladu West Health and Demographic Surveillance System.
†Cefoxitin was used as a surrogate for methicillin-resistant isolates as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (21).

Main Article

References
  1. United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels & trends in child mortality report 2017. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2017.
  2. Liu  L, Johnson  HL, Cousens  S, Perin  J, Scott  S, Lawn  JE, et al.; Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012;379:215161. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Blomberg  B, Manji  KP, Urassa  WK, Tamim  BS, Mwakagile  DS, Jureen  R, et al. Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Berkley  JA, Lowe  BS, Mwangi  I, Williams  T, Bauni  E, Mwarumba  S, et al. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:3947. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Oluwalana  C, Howie  SR, Secka  O, Ideh  RC, Ebruke  B, Sambou  S, et al. Incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in The Gambia 14 years after introduction of routine Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine immunization. J Pediatr. 2013;163(Suppl):S47. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Mackenzie  GA, Hill  PC, Jeffries  DJ, Hossain  I, Uchendu  U, Ameh  D, et al. Effect of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in The Gambia: a population-based surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:70311. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Waters  D, Jawad  I, Ahmad  A, Lukšić  I, Nair  H, Zgaga  L, et al. Aetiology of community-acquired neonatal sepsis in low and middle income countries. J Glob Health. 2011;1:15470.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Johnson  AP, Pearson  A, Duckworth  G. Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:45562. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Stoll  BJ, Hansen  NI, Sánchez  PJ, Faix  RG, Poindexter  BB, Van Meurs  KP, et al.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics. 2011;127:81726. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Cobos-Carrascosa  E, Soler-Palacín  P, Nieves Larrosa  M, Bartolomé  R, Martín-Nalda  A, Antoinette Frick  M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Children: changes during eighteen years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:132934. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Mejer  N, Westh  H, Schønheyder  HC, Jensen  AG, Larsen  AR, Skov  R, et al.; Danish Staphylococcal Bacteraemia Study Group. Stable incidence and continued improvement in short term mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia between 1995 and 2008. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:260. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Sigaúque  B, Roca  A, Mandomando  I, Morais  L, Quintó  L, Sacarlal  J, et al. Community-acquired bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Mozambique. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:10813. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Mulholland  EK, Ogunlesi  OO, Adegbola  RA, Weber  M, Sam  BE, Palmer  A, et al. Etiology of serious infections in young Gambian infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(Suppl):S3541. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Uzodimma  CC, Njokanma  F, Ojo  O, Falase  M, Ojo  T. Bacterial isolates from blood cultures of children with suspected sepsis in an urban hospital in Lagos: a prospective study using BACTEC blood culture system. Internet J Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;16:1623.
  15. Groome  MJ, Albrich  WC, Wadula  J, Khoosal  M, Madhi  SA. Community-onset Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in hospitalised African children: high incidence in HIV-infected children and high prevalence of multidrug resistance. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012;32:1406. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Hill  PC, Onyeama  CO, Ikumapayi  UN, Secka  O, Ameyaw  S, Simmonds  N, et al. Bacteraemia in patients admitted to an urban hospital in West Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Scott  S, Odutola  A, Mackenzie  G, Fulford  T, Afolabi  MO, Lowe Jallow  Y, et al. Coverage and timing of children’s vaccination: an evaluation of the expanded programme on immunisation in The Gambia. PLoS One. 2014;9:e107280. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Mwesigwa  J, Okebe  J, Affara  M, Di Tanna  GL, Nwakanma  D, Janha  O, et al. On-going malaria transmission in The Gambia despite high coverage of control interventions: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Malar J. 2015;14:314. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Mackenzie  GA, Plumb  ID, Sambou  S, Saha  D, Uchendu  U, Akinsola  B, et al. Monitoring the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines into West Africa: design and implementation of a population-based surveillance system. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001161. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Adegbola  RA, Falade  AG, Sam  BE, Aidoo  M, Baldeh  I, Hazlett  D, et al. The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well-nourished Gambian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:97582. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard—twelfth edition (M02-A12). Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2015.
  22. Frederiksen  MS, Espersen  F, Frimodt-Møller  N, Jensen  AG, Larsen  AR, Pallesen  LV, et al. Changing epidemiology of pediatric Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Denmark from 1971 through 2000. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:398405. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Asgeirsson  H, Gudlaugsson  O, Kristinsson  KG, Vilbergsson  GR, Heiddal  S, Haraldsson  A, et al. Low mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Icelandic children: nationwide study on incidence and outcome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:1404. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Kanoksil  M, Jatapai  A, Peacock  SJ, Limmathurotsakul  D. Epidemiology, microbiology and mortality associated with community-acquired bacteremia in northeast Thailand: a multicenter surveillance study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54714. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Arifeen  SE, Saha  SK, Rahman  S, Rahman  KM, Rahman  SM, Bari  S, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Bangladesh: results from a population-based surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(Suppl 2):S10313. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Zellweger  RM, Carrique-Mas  J, Limmathurotsakul  D, Day  NPJ, Thwaites  GE, Baker  S, et al.; Southeast Asia Antimicrobial Resistance Network. A current perspective on antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72:296372. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Greenhow  TL, Hung  YY, Herz  A. Bacteremia in Children 3 to 36 months old after introduction of conjugated pneumococcal vaccines. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20162098. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Peacock  SJ, Justice  A, Griffiths  D, de Silva  GD, Kantzanou  MN, Crook  D, et al. Determinants of acquisition and carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in infancy. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:571825. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Power Coombs  MR, Kronforst  K, Levy  O. Neonatal host defense against Staphylococcal infections. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:826303. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Trijbels-Smeulders  M, de Jonge  GA, Pasker-de Jong  PC, Gerards  LJ, Adriaanse  AH, van Lingen  RA, et al. Epidemiology of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in the Netherlands before and after introduction of guidelines for prevention. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007;92:F2716. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Bojang  A, Kendall  L, Usuf  E, Egere  U, Mulwa  S, Antonio  M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal carriage during a PCV trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:588. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Wang  X, Zhang  N, Glorieux  S, Holtappels  G, Vaneechoutte  M, Krysko  O, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection facilitates invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into the nasal mucosa and nasal polyp tissue. PLoS One. 2012;7:e39875. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Lewis  SS, Walker  VJ, Lee  MS, Chen  L, Moehring  RW, Cox  CE, et al. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35:14527. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Breiman  RF, Cosmas  L, Njenga  M, Williamson  J, Mott  JA, Katz  MA, et al. Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007-2011. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:95. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: March 17, 2019
Page updated: March 17, 2019
Page reviewed: March 17, 2019
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external