Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 25, Number 8—August 2019
Research Letter

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Herat Province, Afghanistan, 2017

Author affiliations: Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan (A.-u.-R. Niazi, M.J. Jawad); Department of Public Health, Herat (A. Amirnajad); CSIRO,; Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (P.A. Durr, D.T. Williams)

Cite This Article

Abstract

We studied the clinical and epidemiologic features of an outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Herat Province, Afghanistan. The study comprised 63 patients hospitalized in 2017. The overall case-fatality rate was 22.2%; fatal outcome was significantly associated with a negative IgM test result, longer prothrombin time, and nausea.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a geographically widespread tickborne disease caused by the CCHF virus (genus Orthonairovirus, family Nairoviridae). In humans, CCHF is associated with a case-fatality rate (CFR) of 5%–50% (1) and is considered a major public health threat (2).

CCHF cases were first reported in Afghanistan in 1998; no additional cases were reported until 2007 (3). During 2007–2016, the Afghanistan Ministry of Public Health documented 478 cases, of which Herat Province accounted for 263 (55.0%) (4). In 2017, an unusual increase in CCHF cases occurred in Afghanistan, mostly in Herat Province (Appendix Figures 1, 2). We analyzed the clinical and epidemiologic features of this outbreak.

A descriptive case series study at Herat Regional Hospital during January–December 2017 was undertaken. Clinical and epidemiologic features of all confirmed and probable CCHF cases were recorded. The Human Ethics Committee of Herat University approved the study protocol (approval #0317).

The first recorded case in this study occurred in a 90-year-old male farmer who visited Herat Regional Hospital on May 5. Later, more patients sought care for acute febrile syndrome matching the World Health Organization CCHF case definition (5). A total of 64 patients sought care for CCHF signs and symptoms over a 6-month period, of whom 1 did not consent to hospitalization and left the hospital without medical consultation.

Patients’ venous blood samples were examined for levels of leukocytes, thrombocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time. Samples were also tested for CCHV IgM (VectoCrimea-CHF-IgM ELISA, Vector-Best, https://www.vector-best.ru) or viral RNA (RealStar CCHFV RT-PCR Kit, Altona Diagnostics, https://www.altona-diagnostics.com). We tested for an association among epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory variables and clinical outcome for each patient (i.e., death or recovery) using Fisher exact test and a confirmatory multivariate logistic regression within R v3.5.0 (https://www.r-project.org).

Of the 63 patients, 32 were both IgM and PCR positive. Thirty-one patients were IgM-negative (Appendix Table 1); however, because of a positive PCR result (26 patients) or CCHF-specific clinical features (5 patients), these patients were included in this study. Thirty-eight (60.3%) patients were male (Appendix Table 2). Overall mean (+ SD) age was 35.4 (+ 20.0) years (range 9–90 years). Most (69.8%) patients were 11–40 years of age. The occupational groups most often affected were housewives (23 [36.5%] patients) and farmers (14 [22.2%]). Butchers accounted for 7 (11.1%) and shepherds for 3 (4.8%) cases; the remaining 16 (25.4%) patients had other occupations. Eighteen (28.6%) patients lived in the city, and 45 (71.4%) lived in rural areas. Three (4.8%) patients stated a history of tick bite, and 60 (95.2%) had prior contact with livestock or animal tissues.

The most frequent clinical manifestations were fever, headache, and myalgia, and the most common hemorrhagic manifestations were ecchymosis, epistaxis, and hemoptysis. At admission, all patients had thrombocytopenia, and 62 (98.4%) had leukopenia. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were elevated in 43 (68.3%) patients. PT time was longer than normal in 29 (46.0%) and activated partial thromboplastin in 23 (36.5%) patients (Table).

All cases occurred during May–October; cases peaked during June–September (Appendix Figure 2). The average time (+ SD) between onset of clinical manifestations and patients’ referral to hospital was 4.9 (+ 1.6) days; (range 0–9 days. The overall CFR was 22.2% (14/63 patients); the CFR for men was 18.4% (7/38) and for women, 28.0% (7/25). Fatal outcome was significantly associated with a negative IgM test result (p = 0.016), longer PT (p = 0.038), and nausea (p = 0.015).

A previous study established that CCHF patients who die rarely mount a detectable IgM response, and laboratory diagnosis should therefore include reverse transcription PCR (8). A positive association of death with longer PT also has been previously described (9). A new finding from this study was the association between fatal outcome and nausea.

Our findings are important for persons in Afghanistan, especially in Herat Province, because the study identified demographic variables (age and occupation) that can be further investigated by a risk factor study. Our findings also are important for persons traveling to Herat Province. Only 1 CCHF case has thus far been reported in a tourist returning home from northwestern Afghanistan, where the disease was acquired (10). Our findings can also be used to refine the CCHF case definition for improved clinical awareness in Afghanistan.

Our study demonstrates that Herat Province remains the endemic focus of CCHF in Afghanistan, and the number of cases is increasing over time. Control and mitigation measures implemented for CCHF in Herat have not been successful in containing this fatal disease. Considering the major social and economic consequences and the health burden CCHF places on the community, alternative or enhanced public health measures, including improved surveillance and risk communication, are necessary to control CCHF in Herat and neighboring provinces. Our findings might serve as a template and reference for future CCHF surveillance activities in this region.

Dr. Niazi is head of the Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases in the Faculty of Medicine, Herat University. His primary research interests include public health and emerging infectious diseases, with a focus on vectorborne viral diseases.

Top

References

  1. Shayan  S, Bokaean  M, Shahrivar  MR, Chinikar  S. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Lab Med. 2015;46:1809. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Mertens  M, Schmidt  K, Ozkul  A, Groschup  MH. The impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus on public health. Antiviral Res. 2013;98:24860. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Mustafa  ML, Ayazi  E, Mohareb  E, Yingst  S, Zayed  A, Rossi  CA, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Afghanistan, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:19401. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Niazi A-u-R. Clinical epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in west region of Afghanistan. Herat (Afghanistan): Herat University Press; 2017.
  5. World Health Organization. Communicable disease profile. Afghanistan and neighboring countries. January 2002 [cited 2012 Apr 17]. https://www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/toolkits/Afghanistan_profile.pdf
  6. Hui  P, Cook  DJ, Lim  W, Fraser  GA, Arnold  DM. The frequency and clinical significance of thrombocytopenia complicating critical illness: a systematic review. Chest. 2011;139:2718. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Swanepoel  R, Gill  DE, Shepherd  AJ, Leman  PA, Mynhardt  JH, Harvey  S. The clinical pathology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(Suppl 4):S794800. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Tezer  H, Polat  M. Diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13:55566. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Bastug  A, Kayaaslan  B, Kazancioglu  S, Aslaner  H, But  A, Akinci  E, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: prognostic factors and the association of leukocyte counts with mortality. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016;69:515. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Chamberlain  J, Atkinson  B, Logue  CH, Latham  J, Newman  ENC, Hewson  R. Genome sequence of ex-Afghanistan Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus SCT strain, from an imported United Kingdom case in October 2012. Genome Announc. 2013;1:e0016113. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Top

Table

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181491

Original Publication Date: June 19, 2019

Table of Contents – Volume 25, Number 8—August 2019

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

David T. Williams, CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: July 16, 2019
Page updated: July 16, 2019
Page reviewed: July 16, 2019
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external