Lessons Learned from a Decade of Investigations of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Outbreaks Linked to Leafy Greens, United States and Canada
Katherine E. Marshall
, April Hexemer, Sharon L. Seelman, Marianne K. Fatica, Tyann Blessington, Maha Hajmeer, Hannah Kisselburgh, Robin Atkinson, Kristin Hill, Davendra Sharma, Michael Needham, Vi Peralta, Jeffrey Higa, Karen Blickenstaff, Ian T. Williams, Michael A. Jhung, Matthew Wise, and Laura Gieraltowski
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (K.E. Marshall, H. Kisselburgh, I.T. Williams, M.A. Jhung, M. Wise, L. Gieraltowski); Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A. Hexemer); Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (S.L. Seelman, M.K. Fatica, T. Blessington, K. Blickenstaff); California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, USA (M. Hajmeer, M. Needham); California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA (V. Peralta); California Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA (J. Higa); Canada Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (R. Atkinson, K. Hill, D. Sharma)
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Figure 2
Figure 2. Outbreak-related Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli illnesses (n = 1,124) linked to leafy greens, by isolation date, outbreak, and vehicle, United States and Canada, 2009–2018. Data on isolation date were available for 1,124 (98%) of 1,146 laboratory-confirmed illnesses. Illness onset date was not systematically collected for each case. Each color represents a different outbreak. *During these years, each season started 1 week earlier.
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