Volume 26, Number 7—July 2020
Research
Bat and Lyssavirus Exposure among Humans in Area that Celebrates Bat Festival, Nigeria, 2010 and 2013
, Modupe O.V. Osinubi, Lora Davis, Mohammed Abdurrahman, Elizabeth B. Adedire, Henry Akpan, Abimbola F. Aman-Oloniyo, Solomon W. Audu, Dianna Blau, Raymond S. Dankoli, Ajoke M. Ehimiyein, James A. Ellison, Yemi H. Gbadegesin, Lauren Greenberg, Dana Haberling, Christina Hutson, Jibrin M. Idris, Grace S.N. Kia, Maruf Lawal, Samson Y. Matthias, Philip P. Mshelbwala, Michael Niezgoda, Albert B. Ogunkoya, Abiodun O. Ogunniyi, Gloria C. Okara, Babasola O. Olugasa, Okechukwu P. Ossai, Akin Oyemakinde, Marissa K. Person, Charles E. Rupprecht, Olugbon A. Saliman, Munir Sani, Olufunmilayo A. Sanni-Adeniyi, P.S. Satheshkumar, Todd G. Smith, Mariat O. Soleye, Ryan M. Wallace, Sebastian K. Yennan, and Sergio Recuenco
Table 1
Characteristics of households enrolled in 2 community surveys of bat exposures, Idanre area, Nigeria, 2010 and 2013
| Characteristic | 2010 community survey, no. (%) | 2013 community survey, no. (%) | Total, no. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Households visited | 90 | 183 | 273 |
| Households enrolled |
90 (100) |
174 (95) |
264 (97) |
| Total participants enrolled | 134 | 217 | 351 |
| Main household respondents* | 90 (67) | 174 (80) | 264 (75) |
| Additional household respondents* |
44 (33) |
43 (20) |
87 (25) |
| Mean participants enrolled per household (SD) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.7) |
| Main household respondents* | 1.0 (0) | 1.0 (0) | 1.0 (0) |
| Additional household respondents* |
0.5 (0.9) |
0.2 (0.6) |
0.3 (0.7) |
| Mean persons per household (SD) |
7.6 (4.7) |
8.2 (5.7) |
8.0 (5.4) |
| Persons living within enrolled households | 688 | 1,424 | 2,112 |
| Male | 372 (54) | 734 (52) | 1,106 (52) |
| Female |
316 (46) |
690 (48) |
1,006 (48) |
| Age distribution of persons represented among enrolled households | n = 688 | n = 1,424 | n = 2,112 |
| <6 y | 115 (17) | 278 (20) | 393 (19) |
| 6‒17 y | 162 (24) | 419 (29) | 581 (28) |
| >18 y |
411 (60) |
727 (51) |
1,138 (54) |
| Main material used to build house | n = 90 | n = 174 | n = 264 |
| Adobe/mud | 56 (62) | 82 (47) | 138 (52) |
| Cement/brick | 33 (37) | 92 (53) | 125 (47) |
| Wood |
1 (1) |
0 |
1 (0.4) |
| Openings in house that could allow bats to enter |
56 (62) |
106 (61) |
162 (61) |
| Households with animals (pets or livestock) (%) | 52 (58) | 90 (52) | 142 (54) |
| Households with ≥1 animal (pet or livestock) that had been vaccinated against rabies | 0 (0) | 7 (8) | 7 (5) |
| Households with >1 member who had ever participated in bat festival† | 22 (24) | 50 (29) | 72 (27) |
| Households with >1 member who had ever had bat contact‡ | 51 (57) | 117 (67) | 168 (64) |
| Households with >1 member who had ever touched a bat | 50 (56) | 116 (67) | 166 (63) |
| Households with >1 member who had ever been bitten by a bat | 14 (16) | 30 (17) | 44 (17) |
| Households with >1 member who had ever been scratched by a bat | 19 (21) | 37 (21) | 56 (21) |
| Households with >1 member who had ever eaten a bat | 64 (71) | 124 (71) | 188 (71) |
*Main household respondents are adults or mature minors (persons aged 13–17 y who were married, had children, or provided for their own livelihood) present at the time of household visit who provided consent to participate in the survey; the main household respondent was the first person of the household to whom the study questionnaire was administered. Additional household respondents are other consenting or assenting household members who were immediately available to answer the study questionnaire and either had previously had bat contact or had previously eaten a bat.
†This may be an underestimate, as only main and additional household respondents were asked if they had participated in the bat festival. We did not ask if other members of the household had ever participated in the bat festival.
‡Bat contact was defined as having touched a bat, having been bitten by a bat, or having been scratched by a bat.