Volume 26, Number 7—July 2020
Research
Bat and Lyssavirus Exposure among Humans in Area that Celebrates Bat Festival, Nigeria, 2010 and 2013
Table 4
Characteristics associated with experiencing a febrile illness within 90 days of the bat festival in a community survey of bat exposures, Idanre area, Nigeria, 2013*
Characteristic | Febrile illness within 90 d of bat festival, no. (%), n = 23 | No febrile illness within 90 d of bat festival, no. (%), n = 147 | p value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Mean age (SD) | 47 (18) | 43 (17) | 0.39 | NA |
Age range, min–max | 18–80 | 18–89 | NA | NA |
Median age (interquartile range) | 47 (32–65) | 38 (30–55) | NA | NA |
Age <25 y | 2 (9) | 18 (12) | 0.63 | 0.68 (0.14–3.27) |
Male sex |
13 (57) |
80 (54) |
0.85 |
1.09 (0.45–2.65) |
Education | ||||
Some secondary or above | 11 (48) | 65 (44) | 0.73 | 1.16 (0.51–2.61) |
Completed secondary or above |
9 (39) |
40 (27) |
0.21 |
1.72 (0.74–4.00) |
Household characteristics | ||||
Persons in household | ||||
<5 persons | 7 (30) | 38 (26) | 0.66 | 1.25 (0.46–3.41) |
<10 persons | 18 (78) | 97 (66) | 0.31 | 1.86 (0.56–6.15) |
Main material used to build house | ||||
Adobe/mud | 14 (61) | 71 (48) | 0.29 | 1.67 (0.65–4.24) |
Cement/brick | 9 (39) | 76 (52) | Referent | Referent |
Wood | 0 | 0 | NP | NP |
Openings present in house that could allow bats to enter | 14 (61) | 91 (62) | 0.93 | 0.96 (0.38–2.44) |
Household with animals† | 12 (52) | 68 (46) | 0.62 | 1.27 (0.50–3.24) |
Household with >1 animal† that has been vaccinated against rabies |
2 (17) |
6 (9) |
0.43 |
2.07 (0.34–12.64) |
Bat contact within past 90 d‡ | ||||
Any bat contact | 3 (13) | 40 (27) | 0.15 | 0.40 (0.11–1.40) |
Touched a bat with skin uncovered | 3 (13) | 40 (27) | 0.15 | 0.40 (0.11–1.40) |
Bitten by bat | 1 (4) | 10 (7) | 0.66 | 0.62 (0.07–5.21) |
Scratched by bat |
1 (4) |
15 (10) |
0.39 |
0.40 (0.05–3.22) |
Other bat-related activities within past 90 d | ||||
Participated in bat festival | 1 (4) | 34 (23) | 0.07 | 0.15 (0.02–1.17) |
Entered a bat cave or bat refuge | 1 (4) | 18 (12) | 0.29 | 0.33 (0.04–2.61) |
Prepared a bat as food | 7 (30) | 57 (39) | 0.45 | 0.69 (0.26–1.82) |
Eaten a bat |
7 (30) |
56 (38) |
0.49 |
0.71 (0.27–1.87) |
Knowledge | ||||
Indicated animal bites as mechanism of rabies transmission | 13 (57) | 78 (53) | 0.74 | 1.15 (0.51–2.62) |
Described rabies as severe | 13 (57) | 84 (57) | 0.95 | 0.98 (0.43–2.23) |
Identified bats as a rabies source | 1 (4) | 3 (2) | 0.49 | 2.18 (0.24–20.11) |
Identified dogs as a rabies source |
16 (70) |
84 (57) |
0.26 |
1.71 (0.67–4.36) |
If bitten or scratched by a bat | ||||
Wash wound with soap and water | 0 | 5 (3) | NP | NP |
Seek medical care | 9 (39) | 52 (35) | 0.70 | 1.17 (0.51–2.69) |
Seek a traditional healer or pray | 2 (9) | 5 (3) | 0.24 | 2.70 (0.52–13.97) |
Do nothing |
9 (39) |
69 (47) |
0.50 |
0.73 (0.28–1.85) |
If bitten by a potentially rabid animal | ||||
Wash wound with soap and water | 0 | 1 (1) | NP | NP |
Seek medical care | 16 (70) | 92 (63) | 0.53 | 1.37 (0.51–3.64) |
Seek a traditional healer or pray | 3 (13) | 4 (3) | 0.03 | 5.36 (1.17–24.48) |
Do nothing |
3 (13) |
33 (22) |
0.32 |
0.52 (0.14–1.89) |
History of rabies vaccination |
1 (4) |
1 (1) |
0.19 |
6.64 (0.39–111.64) |
Aware that bats can cause disease other than rabies |
3 (13) |
6 (4) |
0.08 |
3.53 (0.86–14.40) |
Know of reports of illness as a result of bats or being in bat cave | 2 (9) | 1 (1) | 0.03 | 13.90 (1.25–154.63) |
*NA, not applicable or not calculated; NP, logistic regression could not be performed due to zero cells; OR, odds ratio.
†Pet or livestock.
‡Bat contact was defined as having touched a bat, having been bitten by a bat, or having been scratched by a bat.