Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 27, Number 2—February 2021
Dispatch

Azithromycin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi AcrB-R717Q/L, Singapore

Sophie OctaviaComments to Author , Ka Lip ChewComments to Author , Raymond T. P. Lin, and Jeanette W. P. Teo
Author affiliations: National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore (S. Octavia, R.T. P. Lin); National University Hospital, Singapore (K.L. Chew, R.T. P. Lin, J.W.P. Teo)

Main Article

Figure

Core single-nucleotide polymorphism phylogenetic tree of 15 genotype 4.3.1 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates tested for azithromycin resistance, Singapore. Isolates sequenced in this study were compared with other publicly available Salmonella Typhi genomes, indicated by their corresponding GenBank accession number obtained from Pathogenwatch (https://pathogen.watch) on the basis of 3,104 core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Azithromycin-resistant isolates analyzed in this study are indicated by asterisks (*). Salmonella Typhi CT18 was designated as the reference genome (blue). Genotype information obtained from the GenoTyphi tool (4) was included for all genomes, and country of isolation was added when available. The tree was illustrated by using iTOL version (8). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

Figure. Core single-nucleotide polymorphism phylogenetic tree of 15 genotype 4.3.1 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates tested for azithromycin resistance, Singapore. Isolates sequenced in this study were compared with other publicly available Salmonella Typhi genomes, indicated by their corresponding GenBank accession number obtained from Pathogenwatch (https://pathogen.watch) on the basis of 3,104 core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Azithromycin-resistant isolates analyzed in this study are indicated by asterisks (*). Salmonella Typhi CT18 was designated as the reference genome (blue). Genotype information obtained from the GenoTyphi tool (4) was included for all genomes, and country of isolation was added when available. The tree was illustrated by using iTOL version (8). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. Yew  FS, Goh  KT, Lim  YS. Epidemiology of typhoid fever in Singapore. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;110:6370. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Hooda  Y, Sajib  MSI, Rahman  H, Luby  SP, Bondy-Denomy  J, Santosham  M, et al. Molecular mechanism of azithromycin resistance among typhoidal Salmonella strains in Bangladesh identified through passive pediatric surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e00078680007868. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Wong  VK, Baker  S, Pickard  DJ, Parkhill  J, Page  AJ, Feasey  NA, et al. Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events. Nat Genet. 2015;47:6329. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Wong  VK, Baker  S, Connor  TR, Pickard  D, Page  AJ, Dave  J, et al.; International Typhoid Consortium. An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12827. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Inouye  M, Dashnow  H, Raven  L-A, Schultz  MB, Pope  BJ, Tomita  T, et al. SRST2: Rapid genomic surveillance for public health and hospital microbiology labs. Genome Med. 2014;6:90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Bortolaia  V, Kaas  RS, Ruppe  E, Roberts  MC, Schwarz  S, Cattoir  V, et al. ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;dkaa345.
  7. Price  MN, Dehal  PS, Arkin  AP. FastTree: computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix. Mol Biol Evol. 2009;26:164150. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Letunic  I, Bork  P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(W1):W2569. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Gomes  C, Martínez-Puchol  S, Palma  N, Horna  G, Ruiz-Roldán  L, Pons  MJ, et al. Macrolide resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae: Focus on azithromycin. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2017;43:130. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Iqbal  J, Dehraj  IF, Carey  ME, Dyson  ZA, Garrett  D, Seidman  JC, et al. A race against time: reduced azithromycin susceptibility in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Pakistan. MSphere. 2020;5:e0021520. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Katiyar  A, Sharma  P, Dahiya  S, Singh  H, Kapil  A, Kaur  P. Genomic profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi from patients infected with Typhoid fever in India. Sci Rep. 2020;10:8299. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Hooda  Y, Tanmoy  AM, Sajib  MSI, Saha  S. Mass azithromycin administration: considerations in an increasingly resistant world. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5:e002446. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: October 21, 2020
Page updated: January 24, 2021
Page reviewed: January 24, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external