Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 27, Number 4—April 2021
Synopsis

Animal Reservoirs and Hosts for Emerging Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses

Ria R. GhaiComments to Author , Ann Carpenter, Amanda Y. Liew, Krystalyn B. Martin, Meghan K. Herring, Susan I. Gerber, Aron J. Hall, Jonathan M. Sleeman, Sophie VonDobschuetz, and Casey Barton Behravesh
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (R.R. Ghai, A. Carpenter, A.Y. Liew, K.B. Martin, M.K. Herring, S.I. Gerber, A.J. Hall, C. Barton Behravesh); Emory University, Atlanta (A.Y. Liew, K.B. Martin, M.K. Herring); US Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (J.M. Sleeman); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (S. VonDobschuetz)

Main Article

Table 2

Hosts and reservoirs of current or previously emerging coronaviruses*

Pathogen (abbreviation) Reservoir host [suspected] Intermediate/amplifying hosts(s) [suspected] Spillover host(s) Suspected susceptible hosts Nonsusceptible host(s)
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV)
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Unknown/none identified Carnivores; family Canidae Unknown/none identified Unknown/none identified
Carnivores; family Felidae
Carnivores; family Mustelidae


Carnivores; family Viverridae


Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)
Domestic cat (Felis catus)
Unknown/none identified
Carnivores: family Felidae
Mouse (Mus musculus)

Bat coronavirus HKU10
Leschenault’s rousettes bat (Rousettus leschenaulti)
Unknown/none identified
Pomona leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros pomona)
Unknown/none identified
Unknown/none identified
Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV)
Ferret (Mustela putorius)
Unknown/none identified
Ferret (Mustela putorius)
Unknown/none identified
Unknown/none identified
Human coronavirus NL63
Bats; family Hipposideridae Unknown/none identified Human Unknown/none identified Cattle (Bos taurus)
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Donkey (Equus africanus)
Goat (Capra aegagrus)




Sheep (Ovis aries)
Human coronavirus 229E
Bats; family Hipposideridae Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Domestic cat (Felis catus)


Human


Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
Bats; family Vespertillionidae
Unknown/none identified
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Unknown/none identified
Unknown/none identified
Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2; strain swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)
Bats; family Rhinolophidae
Unknown/one identified
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Unknown/none identified
Betacoronavirus 1; strain bovine coronavirus
[Rodent; family Muridae]
Unknown/none identified
Cattle (Bos taurus)
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
Chicken (Gallus gallus)
Betacoronavirus 1; strain canine respiratory coronavirus
[Rodent; family Muridae]
[Cattle] (Bos taurus)
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
Unknown/none identified
Unknown/none identified
Betacoronavirus 1; strain uman coronavirus OC43
[Rodent; family Muridae] Artiodactyl; family Bovidae Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Mouse (Mus musculus) Unknown/none identified


Human


Human coronavirus HKU1
[Rodent; family Muridae]
Unknown/none identified
Human
Unknown/none identified
Unknown/none identified
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Bats; family Vespertillionidae Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Human Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) Horse ((Equus ferus caballus)
Llama (Lama glama) Mouse (Mus musculus)
New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cunuculus) Sheep (Ovis aries)



Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Bats; family Rhinolophidae [Masked palm civet] (Paguma larvata) Chinese ferret badger (Melogale moschata) African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) Chicken (Gallus gallus)
Domestic cat (Felis catus) Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Domestic cat (Felis catus)
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa) Domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Human Ferret (Mustela putorius)
Racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Rat (Rattus sp.)



Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS-related CoV-2) [Bats: family Rhinolophidae] Unknown/none identified Domestic cat (Felis catus) African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) Chicken (Gallus gallus)
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) Big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)
Ferret (Mustela putorius) Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) Cattle (Bos taurus)
Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Human Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Mink (Neovison vison) Domestic cat (Felis catus) Mouse (Mus musculus)
Lion (Panthera leo) Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Pekin duck (Anas platyrhinchos)
Puma (Puma concolor) Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
Tiger (Panthera tigris) Ferret (Mustela putorius) White Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides)
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Mink (Neovison vison)
New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cunuculus)
Racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

*All hosts detected for each coronavirus are shown. A reservoir host is a species in which the pathogen endemically circulates and is considered to have coevolved with. An intermediate host is a species that harbors a recent common ancestor of the coronavirus or played a role in the natural selection/adaptation of the virus before its spillover. A spillover host is a nonendemically infected species in which >1 animals are considered to have acquired the virus through natural infection (e.g., exposure an infected conspecific or interspecies transmission). A susceptible host is a species in which >1 animals can become infected with the virus through experimental challenges or otherwise laboratory controlled infection studies. In vitro studies or studies using transgenic animal models to induce susceptibility are not included. A nonsusceptible host is a species in which experimental challenge or otherwise laboratory controlled infection studies have occurred that did not result in viral infection. For all categories, infection is considered detection of viral RNA from host samples or the host mounting a detectable antibody response. Therefore, infection as it is used here does not necessarily imply hosts naturally or experimentally infected with a virus are capable of transmitting the infection to others.

Main Article

Page created: January 25, 2021
Page updated: March 18, 2021
Page reviewed: March 18, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external