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Volume 27, Number 4—April 2021
Synopsis

Animal Reservoirs and Hosts for Emerging Alphacoronaviruses and Betacoronaviruses

Ria R. GhaiComments to Author , Ann Carpenter, Amanda Y. Liew, Krystalyn B. Martin, Meghan K. Herring, Susan I. Gerber, Aron J. Hall, Jonathan M. Sleeman, Sophie VonDobschuetz, and Casey Barton Behravesh
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (R.R. Ghai, A. Carpenter, A.Y. Liew, K.B. Martin, M.K. Herring, S.I. Gerber, A.J. Hall, C. Barton Behravesh); Emory University, Atlanta (A.Y. Liew, K.B. Martin, M.K. Herring); US Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (J.M. Sleeman); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (S. VonDobschuetz)

Main Article

Table 3

Clinical manifestations for infections with current or previously emerging coronaviruses*

Pathogen (abbreviation) Host Host type Body system Clinical manifestation Vaccine
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV)
 Domestic dog Reservoir Gastrointestinal Vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration Yes
Carnivores; family Canidae Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Carnivores; family Felidae Spillover Gastrointestinal Mild diarrhea No
Carnivores; family Mustelidae Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Carnivores; family Viverridae
 Susceptible
 Unknown
 Unknown
 No
Alphacoronavirus1 (ACoV1); strain feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)
 Domestic cat Reservoir Multisystemic Varies: fever, weight loss, diarrhea, ascites, thoracic effusion, ocular signs, neurologic signs, and death Yes†
Carnivores: family Felidae
 Spillover
 Multisystemic
 Weight loss, fever, diarrhea, jaundice
 No
Bat coronavirus HKU10
 Leschenault’s rousettes bat Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Pomona leaf-nosed bats
 Spillover
 Unknown
 Lower bodyweight than noninfected bats
 No
Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV)
 Ferret
 Reservoir, spillover
 Multisystemic
 Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, anemia, and neurologic signs
 No
Human coronavirus NL63
 Bats; family Hipposideridae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Human
 Spillover
 Respiratory
 Fever, cough, rhinorrhea
 No
Human coronavirus 229E
 Bats; family Hipposideridae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Dromedary camels Intermediate NA Asymptomatic No
Alpaca Spillover Respiratory Acute respiratory signs, death No
Human Spillover Respiratory Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia. No
Domestic cat
 Susceptible
 NA
 Asymptomatic
 No
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
 Bats; family Vespertillionidae Reservoir Unknown Unknown No
Domestic pig
 Spillover
 Gastrointestinal
 Vomiting, diarrhea, and death in piglets, diarrhea and agalactia in pregnant sows
 Yes‡
Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2; strain swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)
 Bats; family Rhinolophidae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Domestic pig Spillover Gastrointestinal Severe, acute diarrhea, rapid weight loss, death in piglets No
Mouse
 Susceptible
 NA
 Asymptomatic
 NA
Betacoronavirus 1; strain bovine coronavirus
 Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown, Unknown No
Cattle Spillover Respiratory, gastrointestinal Respiratory signs, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy Yes
Turkey
 Susceptible
 Gastrointestinal
 Diarrhea, reduced weight gain, and enteritis
 NA
Betacoronavirus 1; strain canine respiratory coronavirus
 Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown Unknown No
Cattle Intermediate Unknown Unknown No
Domestic dog
 Spillover
 Respiratory
 Mild cough, nasal discharge, inappetence, bronchopneumonia
 No
Betacoronavirus 1; strain human coronavirus OC43
 Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown, Unknown No
Artiodactyl; family Bovidae Intermediate Unknown, suspected host Unknown No
Chimpanzees Spillover Respiratory Coughing, sneezing No
Human Spillover Respiratory Nasal congestion, rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia No
Mouse
 Susceptible
 Neurologic
 Anorexia, weight loss, neurologic signs
 No
Human coronavirus HKU1
 Rodent; family Muridae Reservoir Unknown, suspected host Unknown, suspected host No
Human
 Spillover
 Respiratory
 Rhinorrhea, cough, fever
 No
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
 Bats; family Vespertillionidae Reservoir NA Asymptomatic No
Dromedary camels Intermediate Respiratory Often asymptomatic, or can manifest with fever, nasal discharge No
Human Spillover Respiratory, multisystemic Variable: coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea, sore throat and rhinorrhea. Can progress to pneumonia, acute renal failure, multiorgan failure, and death No
Alpaca Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Common marmoset Susceptible Respiratory Pneumonia No
Domestic pig Susceptible Respiratory Nasal discharge No
Llama Susceptible Respiratory Nasal discharge No
Rhesus macaque Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
New Zealand White rabbit
 Susceptible
 Respiratory
 Asymptomatic
 No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
 Bats; family Rhinolophidae Reservoir Unknown, Unknown No
Masked palm civet Intermediate, susceptible Respiratory Fever, lethargy, pneumonia No
Chinese ferret badger Spillover NA Asymptomatic No
Domestic cat Spillover, susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Domestic dog Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Domestic pig Spillover, susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Human Spillover Respiratory Fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, pneumonia No
Racoon dog Spillover NA Asymptomatic No
African green monkey Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Cynomolgus macaque Susceptible Respiratory Lethargy, skin rash, and respiratory distress No
Ferret Susceptible Respiratory Lethargy, conjunctivitis, weight loss No
Golden hamster Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Guinea pig Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Mouse Susceptible Nonspecific Asymptomatic or weight loss and dehydration No
Rat Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Rhesus macaque
 Susceptible
 Nonspecific
 Transient fever
 No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Bats: family Rhinolophidae Reservoir Unknown Unknown No
Domestic cat Spillover, susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or ocular discharge and sneezing, severe outcomes in rare instances No
Domestic dog Spillover, susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Ferret Spillover Gastrointestinal Unknown No
Gorilla Spillover Nonspecific Lethargy, inappetence, cough No
Human Spillover Respiratory Fever, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing No
Mink Spillover, susceptible Gastrointestinal, respiratory Respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, increased mortality rate No
Lion Spillover Respiratory Cough, inappetence, wheezing No
Puma Spillover Unknown Unknown No
Tiger Spillover Respiratory Cough, inappetence, wheezing No
African green monkey Susceptible Nonspecific Asymptomatic or inappetence, anorexia, mildly increased temperature No
Chinese hamster Susceptible Respiratory Weight loss, bronchitis, pneumonia No
Chinese tree shrew Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Common marmoset Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Cynomolgus macaque Susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or nasal discharge No
Egyptian fruit bat Susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or mild rhinitis
Ferret Susceptible Respiratory Asymptomatic or fever, cough, inappetence No
Golden hamster Susceptible Respiratory Weight loss, lethargy, ruffled fur, hunched posture, tachypnea, pneumonia No
New Zealand white rabbits Susceptible NA Asymptomatic No
Racoon dog Susceptible Nonspecific Lethargy No
Rhesus macaque Susceptible Respiratory Changes in respiratory pattern, piloerection, reduced appetite, pale appearance, hunched posture, dehydration, coughing No

*Clinical manifestation of disease in all hosts described in Tables 1 and 2 other than nonsusceptible hosts. NA, not available.
†Not recommended for administration by the American Academy of Family Physicians. 
‡Conditional license for use.

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Page created: January 25, 2021
Page updated: March 18, 2021
Page reviewed: March 18, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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