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Volume 27, Number 9—September 2021
Research

Risk Areas for Influenza A(H5) Environmental Contamination in Live Bird Markets, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shovon ChakmaComments to Author , Muzaffar G. Osmani, Holy Akwar, Zakiul Hasan, Tanzinah Nasrin, Md Rezaul Karim, Mohammed Abdus Samad, Mohammad Giasuddin, Peter Sly, Zahir Islam, Nitish Chandra Debnath, Eric Brum, and Ricardo Soares Magalhães
Author affiliations: Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh (S. Chakma, H. Akwar, Z. Hasan, T. Nasrin, N.C. Debnath, E. Brum); The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (S. Chakma, P. Sly, Z. Islam, R. Soares Magalhães); Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka (M.G. Osmani); Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh (M. Rezaul Karim, M. Abdus Samad, M. Giasuddin)

Main Article

Table 1

Risk factors associated with the probability of influenza A(H5) environmental contamination at specific live bird market work zones, Dhaka, Bangladesh, January–March 2016

Risk factor
 Univariable analysis
Multivariable model 1
Multivariable model 2
RR 
(95% CI)
 p value
 Overall 
p value
 RR 
(95% CI)
 p value
 Overall 
p value
 RR 
(95% CI)
 p value
 Overall 
p value
Market work zones of sample collection; reference: arrival
Slaughtering and 
processing 1.22
(1.01–1.49)		 0.041 0.110
1.23
(1.01–1.50)		 0.040 0.103
1.21
(0.99–1.49)		 0.067 0.180
Consumer exposure 
or sales
 1.05
(0.84–1.31)
 0.647
 1.05
(0.84–1.32)
 0.655
 1.09
(0.86–1.37)
 0.487
Month of sample collection; reference: January
February 1.24
(0.87–1.77)		 0.233 <0.001
1.24
(0.87–1.76)		 0.239 <0.001
1.33
(0.91–1.94)		 0.138 <0.001
March
 1.90
(1.36–2.65)
 <0.001
 1.90
(1.36–2.65)
 <0.001
 2.07
(1.44–2.96)
 <0.001
Market type; reference: dual-purpose†
Wholesale 0.79
(0.57–1.10)		 0.161 0.042
0.79
(0.571.10)		 0.161 0.042
Retail
 0.69
(0.51–0.92)
 0.012
0.69
(0.510.93)
 0.012
Species being sold (reference: multiple species)†
 0.57
(0.30–1.08)
 0.084
Electricity in facility†
 1.50
(0.87–2.60)
 0.148
Market sells poultry to other vendors†
 1.21
(0.92–1.58)
 0.176
Weekly market closure (>1 day)†
 0.79
(0.55–1.14)
 0.207
Akaike information criterion
1,020.588
 932.9017

*Blank cells indicate variables not included in model. RR, relative risk. †Univariable results adjusted for month of sample collection and market work zones of sample collection.

Main Article

Page created: July 06, 2021
Page updated: August 17, 2021
Page reviewed: August 17, 2021
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