Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023
Dispatch
Using Serum Specimens for Real-Time PCR-Based Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Canada
Abstract
Whole blood is the optimal specimen for anaplasmosis diagnosis but might not be available in all cases. We PCR tested serum samples collected in Canada for Anaplasma serology and found 84.8%–95.8% sensitivity and 2.8 average cycle threshold elevation. Serum can be acceptable for detecting Anaplasma spp. when whole blood is unavailable.
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tickborne infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1), an emerging pathogen in North America (2–5). HGA can manifest as a subclinical infection; however, most symptomatic persons have fever, myalgia, and headache associated with thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated transaminase levels (3,6). Although uncommon, multiorgan failure and death occur predominantly in elderly and immunocompromised patients or when treatment is delayed (7,8). The manifestation of HGA as a nonspecific febrile illness can lead to lack of recognition, and delays in antimicrobial administration can cause illness and death (9,10). Early diagnosis is essential to avoid these preventable complications.
Laboratory diagnosis of HGA can be established by using microscopy, serology, or nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) (3,11). Microscopy can be used to diagnose acute infections, but relies on experienced personnel to visualize intragranulocytic clusters or morulae in peripheral blood (3,11). Because morulae are present in only 25%–75% of cases, microscopy lacks sensitivity (6,9). Serology is more commonly used to diagnose HGA, relying primarily on indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) (7,9). However, serologic tests are often negative during the first week of symptoms and require paired acute and convalescent serum samples >2 weeks apart to improve sensitivity (8–10). NAAT can be performed to detect A. phagocytophilum in whole blood or buffy coat and is the preferred test during the first 2 weeks of illness (9,10). However, most persons evaluated for tickborne infections have serum samples submitted as their primary specimen because serology is the standard diagnostic method for Lyme disease, the most common tickborne infection in North America. Unless anaplasmosis is considered when the patient is first seen, a whole blood specimen is rarely available. We used residual serum samples submitted for Anaplasma sp. serology in Canada to determine if serum samples could be an acceptable alternative to whole blood for the diagnosis of HGA by real-time PCR.
We tested 2 different serum specimen groups for A. phagocytophilum DNA. The first group consisted of serum samples from persons who were positive for A. phagocytophilum by using the NAAT of whole blood. The second group consisted of acute and convalescent serum samples (drawn >2 weeks apart) submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory (Winnipeg, Manitoba) for Anaplasma serology during 2020–2021. The samples were anonymized, and the investigators were blinded to serology results. Ethics approval was not required because anonymized samples were evaluated for a quality improvement study.
We isolated DNA from 100 μL of serum by using DNeasy 96 kits (QIAGEN, https://www.qiagen.com) and eluted the DNA in 100 μL of elution buffer. We used carrier RNA (Applied Biosystems/Thermo Fisher Scientific, https://www.thermofisher.com) to improve recovery of low amounts of nucleic acids. We used T4 bacteriophage DNA as a positive extraction control. We amplified the msp2 gene of A. phagocytophilum as previously described (12) by using 5 µL of template DNA in 30 µL reaction volumes containing TaqMan Universal Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). We performed amplifications on a ViiA7 system (Applied Biosystems) and thermocycling conditions were as follows: 2 min at 50°C, 10 min at 95°C, and 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min. We included synthetic A. phagocytophilum DNA (Integrated DNA Technologies, https://www.idtdna.com) as a positive control and master mix without DNA as a negative control in each run. A sample was considered positive if cycle threshold (Ct) values were <40. We reextracted and retested positive samples to ensure reproducibility. Samples with repeated Ct values of <40 were considered positive. Positive samples with insufficient volume for reextraction were considered positive. We calculated averages and ranges from the initial extraction.
We used the semiquantitative Focus Diagnostics A. phagocytophilum IFA IgG kit (DiaSorin, https://www.diasorin.com), and IgG titers >1:64 indicated current or previous A. phagocytophilum infection (13). We defined seroconversion as a >4-fold increase in titer between acute and convalescent serum samples.
Of the 33 specimens from the first group of serum samples (Table 1), we collected 23 serum samples on the same day as whole blood and 10 serum samples on a different day. The maximum time between serum and whole blood sampling was 8 days. We collected whole blood samples before serum samples for 2 patients. PCR showed 28 (84.8%) serum samples were positive for A. phagocytophilum of which 6 (18.1%) had an IFA titer >1:64. The average Ct values were 27.6 (range 17.7–39.5) for whole blood and 30.4 (range 19.9–38.8) for serum samples. Among 5 patients who had PCR-positive whole blood samples but PCR-negative serum samples, the average Ct was 35.1. All 10 serum specimens collected on a different day were PCR positive. We tested an additional 90 paired whole blood and serum samples, and the tests showed 95.8% sensitivity (Appendix Table 1).
Of 154 paired acute and convalescent serum samples submitted for Anaplasma serology, 19 (12.3%) acute specimens and 3 (1.9%) convalescent specimens were PCR positive (Table 2). Average Ct values were 30.3 (range 23.7–37.5) for acute samples and 34.3 (range 27.6–39.9) for convalescent samples. We did not observe seroconversion in 10 (52.6%) patients who had PCR-positive acute serum specimens.
Of the 154 paired acute and convalescent serum samples, 28 (18.2%) were serologically positive, but only 11 (7.1%) demonstrated seroconversion (Appendix Table 2). Titers increased from <1:64 to 1:64 in 3 paired samples, 13 samples demonstrated stable or decreasing titers, and 1 titer doubled. PCR of acute samples detected 9 of 11 (81.8%) patients who displayed seroconversion. PCR was negative using acute serum samples for 2 patients; those patient samples had initial IFA titers >1:1024, indicating either previous infection or delayed sampling. The sensitivity of serum-based PCR was 81.8%, and specificity was 93.0% compared with seroconversion (Appendix Table 3).
Because A. phagocytophilum occupies an intracellular niche, the prevailing dogma maintains that whole blood or buffy coat specimens are necessary for detection of A. phagocytophilum by PCR (9,10). Because serum is commonly obtained when tickborne infection is suspected, serum is a convenient PCR specimen to diagnosis HGA. Compared with whole blood, serum-based PCR has a sensitivity of 84.8%–95.8% and an average Ct elevation of 2.8.
PCR is superior to serology for diagnosing acute HGA (10). Few PCR-positive acute serum samples were associated with elevated IFA titers. PCR using acute serum samples resulted in a superior positivity rate (12.3%) than acute seroconversion measurements (7.1%). Acute serum specimens were 6.3 times more likely to be PCR positive than convalescent specimens, indicating the importance of early specimen collection when pursuing molecular diagnosis of HGA (10). The sensitivity of serum-based PCR was 81.8%. Although 81.8% sensitivity is comparable to the whole blood dataset, 10 patients with PCR-positive acute samples did not demonstrate acute seroconversion. Antimicrobial administration might have aborted or delayed seroconversion, which has been hypothesized in a previous study (14), although no clinical data exist to confirm this hypothesis. Similarly, 2 patients who had negative PCR results for acute serum samples ultimately had seroconversion. We did not have companion whole blood to determine whether those false negatives were the result of decreased sensitivity of serum compared with whole blood or the acute serum was collected after the acute bacteremia stage. Many acute samples had titers greater than 1:512, which suggests those 2 samples were collected after acute bacteremia. Although whole blood remains the optimal specimen for PCR, this study demonstrates that reflex PCR testing of acute serum samples submitted for A. phagocytophilum serology might improve diagnostic sensitivity for acute HGA when whole blood is unavailable.
Dr. Boodman specializes in infectious disease and medical microbiology and is currently pursuing another degree in the clinical investigator program at the University of Manitoba. His research interests focus on neglected infectious diseases, vectorborne infections, and the interplay between infectious disease and socioeconomic disparities.
References
- Sanchez E, Vannier E, Wormser GP, Hu LT. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: a review. JAMA. 2016;315:1767–77. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chase B, Bonnar P. A walk through the tall grass: a case of transaminitis, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia resulting from an emerging zoonotic infection in Nova Scotia. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. 2018;3:247–50. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Ismail N, Bloch KC, McBride JW. Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Clin Lab Med. 2010;30:261–92. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nelder MP, Russell CB, Lindsay LR, Dibernardo A, Brandon NC, Pritchard J, et al. Recent emergence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ontario, Canada: early serological and entomological indicators. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101:1249–58. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Manitoba Government. Manitoba annual tick-borne disease report, 2018 [cited 2022 Mar 5]. https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/tickborne/docs/tbd_report2018.pdf
- Aguero-Rosenfeld ME. Diagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis: state of the art. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2002;2:233–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bakken JS, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Tilden RL, Wormser GP, Horowitz HW, Raffalli JT, et al. Serial measurements of hematologic counts during the active phase of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:862–70. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ismail N, McBride JW. Tick-borne emerging infections: ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. Clin Lab Med. 2017;37:317–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chapman AS, Bakken JS, Folk SM, Paddock CD, Bloch KC, Krusell A, et al.; Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases Working Group; CDC. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis—United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-4):1–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schotthoefer AM, Meece JK, Ivacic LC, Bertz PD, Zhang K, Weiler T, et al. Comparison of a real-time PCR method with serology and blood smear analysis for diagnosis of human anaplasmosis: importance of infection time course for optimal test utilization. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:2147–53. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rodino KG, Theel ES, Pritt BS. Tick-Borne Diseases in the United States. Clin Chem. 2020;66:537–48. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Courtney JW, Kostelnik LM, Zeidner NS, Massung RF. Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3164–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Government of Canada. Indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA)—IgG. Detection of IgG antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum by IFA [cited 2022 Mar 5]. https://cnphi.canada.ca/gts/reference-diagnostic-test/4168?labId=1019
- Carpenter CF, Gandhi TK, Kong LK, Corey GR, Chen SM, Walker DH, et al. The incidence of ehrlichial and rickettsial infection in patients with unexplained fever and recent history of tick bite in central North Carolina. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:900–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Tables
Cite This ArticleOriginal Publication Date: December 18, 2022
Table of Contents – Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023
EID Search Options |
---|
Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword. |
Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country. |
Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue. |
Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:
Carl Boodman, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Room 543, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
Top