Murine typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by fleaborne Rickettsia typhi bacteria (1). Associated with rats and their fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) throughout much of the world, contemporary murine typhus cases in the United States are thought to be related to a zoonotic cycle involving Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) (2). Although murine typhus was once quite prevalent in the United States, vector control campaigns led to a drastic decrease in disease incidence (3), limiting endemic foci to parts of southern California and the most southern counties of Texas (1,2). We previously reported the reemergence of typhus group rickettsiosis (TGR), likely murine typhus, in Galveston, Texas, USA, after decades of apparent absence (4). Since then, incidence of reported cases has increased in Galveston County and throughout Texas (5,6). Whether the recent increase in TGR represents reemergence due to regional changes in ecologic factors or newfound physician awareness is unclear.

Although increased clinical recognition has undoubtedly played a role in diagnosing cases, we believe that the disease has reemerged through a change in regional reservoir and vector dynamics. The increased prevalence and northward distribution of TGR in Texas contributes to our belief (6). When investigating the reemergence of TGR in Galveston in 2013, we conducted a serosurvey of Galveston residents, 1.2% of whom demonstrated R. typhi seropositivity (4). In this study, we aimed to determine if seroprevalence has remained static, suggesting clinical recognition as the sole driver behind an increase in reported cases, or if seroprevalence has increased, suggesting a true increase in R. typhi exposure.

We assessed the prevalence of R. typhi reactive antibodies by repurposing serum samples collected from 528 residents of Galveston County. The samples were scheduled to be discarded after routine clinical testing from outpatient clinics during the winter of 2021. We used electronic medical records to extract the age, sex, and postal code of residence associated with each serum sample and included specimens with postal codes from Galveston County communities in the study (Table). We excluded duplicate specimens and specimens from postal codes outside Galveston County. We screened serum samples for R. typhi IgG by using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) at a titer of 1:128, as described in our prior serosurvey (4). We used Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-human IgG (Fc_γ fragment specific) (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, https://www.jacksonimmuno.com) as a conjugate antibody at a dilution of 1:800. We used convalescent serum from a patient previously diagnosed with TGR at a titer of 1:1,000 as a positive control. We used a 1:128 titer of serum from a healthy seronegative donor as a negative control. We established endpoint titers for reactive specimens. We performed Western blot analysis by using R. typhi as the antigen to confirm specificity of IFA-reactive specimens to rickettsial outer membrane protein B, as described elsewhere (4,7). We used χ² test to compare categorical data on reactive versus nonreactive specimens with data from 2013 and compared geometric mean titers with data from 2013 by using Mann-Whitney U test on log transformed titers. We performed all statistical analyses in SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., https://www.sas.com). The study was approved by the University of Texas Medical Branch institutional review board (protocol no. 20-0259).

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Figure. Rickettsia typhiseroprevalence in communities of Galveston County, Texas, USA, 2021. We tested 528 serum samples from persons across Galveston County by using indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blot tests....

We tested 528 serum samples from persons across Galveston County (Table). Most (376/528, 71.2%) specimens were from female patients with a median age of 51 years. IFA reactivity was demonstrated in 46 (8.7%) persons, among whom 41 (7.8%) had confirmed seroreactivity (i.e., reactive by both IFA and Western blot). The geometric mean reciprocal titer was 521, which is much higher than the value of 197 we noted in 2013 (p<0.04). Seropositive specimens were found in all communities except Friendswood and Bacliff (Figure). Compared with the 1.6% (8/500) seroprevalence in the city of Galveston in 2013, which we obtained with the same methodology used in this study, we noted a higher seroprevalence in both the city of Galveston (8.2%, 12/146; p<0.001) and throughout Galveston County (7.8%, 41/528; p<0.001) in 2021.

The increased seroprevalence of R. typhi reactive antibodies supports the hypothesis that the increase in TGR cases reported in Galveston County is because of pathogen reemergence in this region, rather than enhanced clinical recognition alone. Considering the kinetics of R. typhi antibody (8), the higher geometric mean titer supports more recent seroconversion in the 2021 sample cohort, further supporting our hypothesis. Regional changes in the zoonotic transmission cycle could be contributing to this increase. Such changes might include a shift from the classic rat–rat flea urban transmission cycle to one involving opossums and cat fleas. In addition, another study demonstrated high R. typhi seropositivity (66.7%) in opossums and a high proportion of R. typhi–infected fleas (7%) collected from these animals in Galveston (9). More studies are needed to understand the ecology of TGR and risk to public health. Clinicians and public health officials should be aware of the increase of R. typhi seropositivity in the Galveston area and recognize the signs and symptoms of murine typhus.

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