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Volume 29, Number 10—October 2023
Research

Ancestral Origin and Dissemination Dynamics of Reemerging Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, Haiti

Carla N. Mavian, Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte, Meer T. Alam, S. Nazmus Sakib, Melanie N. Cash, Monika Moir, Juan Perez Jimenez, Alberto Riva, Eric J. Nelson, Emilie T. Cato, Jayakrishnan Ajayakumar, Rigan Louis, Andrew Curtis, V. Madsen Beau De Rochars, Vanessa Rouzier, Jean William Pape, Tulio de Oliveira, J. Glenn Morris1Comments to Author , Marco Salemi1, and Afsar Ali1
Author affiliations: University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (C.N. Mavian, M.S. Tagliamonte, M.T. Alam, S.N. Sakib, M.N. Cash, J.P. Jimenez, A. Riva, E.J. Nelson, E.T. Cato, R. Louis, V.M. Beau De Rochars, J.G. Morris Jr., M. Salemi, A. Ali); Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (M. Moir, T. de Oliveira); Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA (J. Ajayakumar, A. Curtis); Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti (V. Rouzier, J.W. Pape); Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA (V. Rouzier, J.W. Pape); University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (T. de Oliveira); Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa (T. de Oliveira); University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA (T. de Oliveira)

Main Article

Figure 4

Bayesian phylogeography and dissemination patterns of reemerging toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, Haiti, during the 2022 outbreak. A) Bayesian DensiTree showing superimposed posterior distribution of trees inferred by the phylogeography analysis of V. cholerae full genomes from clinical cases sampled in Haiti during October 3–November 21. Colors indicate branches of samples grouped by location. B) Locations of case clusters delimited by colored circles. Solid- and broken-lined arrows indicate migration patterns among areas, as supported by Bayes factor and inferred from phylogeographic analysis by using a discrete trait asymmetric diffusion model. We considered rates yielding a BF >3 supported diffusion rates (33) and BF >6 decisive support (34), constituting the migration graph. Maps demonstrate major migrations of 5<BF<6 and BF >6. A list of all migrations supported by BF >3 are reported elsewhere (Appendix Table 5). BF, Bayes factor.

Figure 4. Bayesian phylogeography and dissemination patterns of reemerging toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, Haiti, during the 2022 outbreak. A) Bayesian DensiTree showing superimposed posterior distribution of trees inferred by the phylogeography analysis of V. cholerae full genomes from clinical cases sampled in Haiti during October 3–November 21. Colors indicate branches of samples grouped by location. B) Locations of case clusters delimited by colored circles. Solid- and broken-lined arrows indicate migration patterns among areas, as supported by Bayes factor and inferred from phylogeographic analysis by using a discrete trait asymmetric diffusion model. We considered rates yielding a BF >3 supported diffusion rates (33) and BF >6 decisive support (34), constituting the migration graph. Maps demonstrate major migrations of 5<BF<6 and BF >6. A list of all migrations supported by BF >3 are reported elsewhere (Appendix Table 5). BF, Bayes factor.

Main Article

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Main Article

1These senior authors contributed equally to this article.

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