Volume 29, Number 3—March 2023
Research
Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in University Setting
, Sydney Bornstein, Nitasha Nagaraj, Gary A. Sardon, Amanda Castel, Amita Vyas, Karen McDonnell, Mira Agneshwar, Alyson Wilkinson, and Lynn Goldman
Table 3
Association between characteristics of survey respondents and long COVID for postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in university setting, Washington, DC, USA*
| Characteristic | Unadjusted OR (95% CI), n = 1,338 | Model 1, aOR† (95% CI), n =1,172 | Model 2, aOR† (95% CI), n = 1,175 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y |
0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
‒ |
‒ |
| Sex, n = 1,327 | |||
| F | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 1.16 (0.88–1.54) |
| M |
Referent |
Referent |
Referent |
| Race/ethnicity, n = 1,319 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Asian | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | 0.97 (0.64–1.46) | 1.00 (0.66–1.50) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.74 (0.52–1.04) | 0.79 (0.53–1.19) | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) |
| Hispanic | 0.77 (0.51–1.16) | 0.82 (0.52–1.19) | 0.85 (0.53–1.34) |
| Other | 1.33 (0.81–2.17) | 1.54 (0.87–2.74) | 1.48 (0.84–2.63) |
| Multiracial |
0.74 (0.40–1.38) |
0.78 (0.39–1.59) |
0.81 (0.40–1.64) |
| Affiliation | |||
| Students | 1.23 (0.95–1.58) | ‒ | ‒ |
| Faculty/staff |
Referent |
‒ |
‒ |
| Underlying conditions,‡ n = 1,262 | |||
| No | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Yes |
1.48 (1.14–1.91) |
1.23 (0.90–1.66) |
1.27 (0.94–1.73) |
| Smoking status, n = 1,259 | |||
| Never | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Former/current |
1.39 (1.04–1.87) |
1.59 (1.13–2.25) |
1.60 (1.13–2.25) |
| Vaccination status at time of positive test result | |||
| Fully vaccinated with booster | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Fully vaccinated | 2.28 (1.73–3.01) | 2.10 (1.51–2.90) | 2.19 (1.58–3.03) |
| Not fully vaccinated |
2.61 (1.99–3.43) |
2.71 (1.94–3.77) |
3.01 (2.16–4.21) |
| Any symptoms at time of positive test result, n = 1,328 | |||
| No | Referent | Referent | ‒ |
| Yes |
3.76 (2.68–5.26) |
1.92 (1.04–3.62) |
‒ |
| Symptom type at time of positive test result | |||
| Fatigue | 2.83 (2.25–3.56) | 1.80 (1.32–2.47) | 1.53 (1.05–2.22) |
| Chest pain/shortness of breath | 3.64 (2.64–5.03) | 2.18 (1.48–3.22) | 1.70 (1.08–2.67) |
| Congestion/cough/sore throat/runny nose | 2.45 (1.87- 3.21) | 0.96 (0.58–1.60) | 1.07 (0.69–1.65) |
| Chills/measured fever/subjective fever | 2.08 (1.65–2.62) | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 0.73 (0.49–1.08) |
| Headache | 2.21 (1.76–2.77) | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) |
| Loss of taste/smell | 1.99 (1.45–2.73) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) |
| Muscle pain | 2.52 (1.95–3.25) | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) | 1.10 (0.78–1.57) |
| Diarrhea/nausea/vomiting | 2.48 (1.80–3.41) | 1.24 (0.85–1.81) | 1.02 (0.66–1.56) |
| Other |
1.88 (1.11–3.17) |
0.89 (0.48–1.64) |
0.83 (0.44–1.55) |
| Symptom count |
1.22 (1.18–1.27) |
‒ |
1.16 (1.00–1.33) |
| Sought out medical care, n = 1,336 | |||
| No | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Yes |
4.93 (2.53–9.61) |
2.17 (0.98–4.77) |
2.07 (0.94–4.55) |
| Received monoclonal antibodies, n = 1,331 | |||
| No | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Unknown | 0.76 (0.41–1.42) | 0.74 (0.34–1.64) | 0.72 (0.33–1.59) |
| Yes | 4.31 (1.79–10.40) | 1.93 (0.63–5.96) | 2.06 (0.68–6.23) |
*Long COVID was defined as experiencing >1 of the following symptoms lasting for >28 d after a respondent’s 10-day isolation period ended: difficulty driving, difficulty having conversations, difficulty making decisions, difficulty thinking, fatigue, feeling anxious, feeling depressed or sad, loss of smell, loss of taste, memory loss, muscle pain, muscle weakness, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, trouble sleeping, worsening of symptoms after physical activity, worsening of symptoms after mental activity, or other symptoms. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio; ‒, variable omitted for that model. †Adjusted for all other variables in the column. ‡Includes diabetes, asthma, hypertension, obesity, sickle cell disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease, lung diseases, serious heart conditions, and other conditions.