Volume 29, Number 7—July 2023
Research
Systematic Review of Hansen Disease Attributed to Mycobacterium lepromatosis
Table 2
Specimen surveys investigating Mycobacterium lepromatosis as a cause of Hansen disease*
Ref. | Country (origin) | Specimen date range | Specimens | PCR results |
HD types (remarks) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neg | Pos | M. lepromatosis | Dual infection | M. leprae | |||||
(3) | Mexico | Not reported | 64 type not reported | 0 | 64 | 6 | 0 | 58 | DLL 2 |
Venezuela | Not reported | 77 type not reported | 0 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 77 | ||
Brazil | Not reported | 33 type not reported | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 33 | ||
Mali | Not reported | 48 type not reported | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 48 | ||
Others |
Not reported |
5 type not reported |
0 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
||
(6) | Mexico | Not reported | 47 skin lesion biopsy | 11 | 36 | 15 | 2 | 19 | |
United States | 2017 | 218 type not reported | 146 | 72 | 3 | 0 | 69 | ||
Philippines | 180 sss | 0 | 180 | 0 | 0 | 180 | |||
United States (all but 1 born in Mexico) |
1968–1994 |
15 skin biopsy sections |
0 |
10 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
LL 2, DLL 4 (all originally from Mexico) |
|
(33) |
Colombia† |
2006–2016 |
67 skin lesion, 25 earlobe sss |
0 |
92 |
0 |
5 |
87 |
|
(34) |
Colombia (Cartagena, Bolívar) |
2015–2020 |
41 skin biopsy |
7 |
41 |
0 |
0 |
34 |
|
(35) |
Mexico |
1988–2007 |
120 skin biopsy |
33 |
87 |
55 |
14 |
18 |
B 12, LL 41, DLL 16 |
(36) | Brazil (Curitiba and southern Brazil) | 2004–2010 | 52 skin biopsy | 6 | 46 | 7 | 3 | 36 | TT7, LL 3 |
Myanmar | 2007–2008 | 9 skin biopsy | 3 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | LL 2 | |
Malaysia (19), Indonesia (3), Nepal (1), Myanmar (1) | 2003–2011 | 31 skin biopsy | 4 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 27 | ||
Uganda |
1979–1990 |
4 skin biopsy |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
||
(37) |
Mexico |
Current |
19 skin biopsy |
9 |
10 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
LL 2, not determined 1 |
(38) |
United States (various countries of origin)‡ |
2011–2021 |
38 tissue |
0 |
38 |
11 |
0 |
27 |
LL 11 (all originally from Mexico) |
(39) |
Mexico§ |
1994–2014 |
41 skin biopsy |
12 |
29 |
8 |
8 |
13 |
BL 6, LL 6, DLL 4 |
(40) |
Mexico |
Current patients |
38 skin biopsy |
0 |
38 |
5 |
0 |
33 |
BL 1, LL 1, DLL 3 |
(41) |
China |
Current patients |
171 skin biopsy |
86 |
85 |
0 |
0 |
85 |
|
(42) | China (Shandong province) | Not reported | 85 skin biopsy | 13 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 72 |
*B, borderline (BT, BB or BL); BB, mid-borderline (borderline borderline); BL, borderline lepromatous; BT, borderline tuberculoid; DLL, diffuse lepromatous leprosy; ENL, erythema nodosum leprosum (type 2 reaction); LL, lepromatous leprosy; LP, Lucio’s phenomenon (erythema necroticans); neg., negative; pos., positive; ref., reference; sss, skin slit smear; TT, tuberculoid. †Provinces of Atlántico, Antioquia, Bolívar, Chocó, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Santander, Norte de Santander, Sucre, and Tolima. ‡Mexico (22), Philippines (6), Vietnam (1), India (1), Myanmar (1), Marshall Islands (2), El Salvador (2), Brazil (1), United States (2). §Yucatan (16), Guerrero (8), Michoacán (6), Guanajuato (3), Morelos (2), 1 each from Campeche, Ciudad de Mexico, Estado de Mexico, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Quintana Roo.
References
- Han XY, Sizer KC, Thompson EJ, Kabanja J, Li J, Hu P, et al. Comparative sequence analysis of Mycobacterium leprae and the new leprosy-causing Mycobacterium lepromatosis. J Bacteriol. 2009;191:6067–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Silva FJ, Santos-Garcia D, Zheng X, Zhang L, Han XY. Construction and analysis of the complete genome sequence of leprosy agent Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10:
e0169221 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Avanzi C, Singh P, Truman RW, Suffys PN. Molecular epidemiology of leprosy: An update. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;86:
104581 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Scollard DM. Pathogenesis and pathology of leprosy. In: Scollard DM, Gillis TP, editors. International textbook of leprosy. 2018. https://www.internationaltextbookofleprosy.org/chapter/pathology
- Frade MAC, Coltro PS, Filho FB, Horácio GS, Neto AA, da Silva VZ, et al. Lucio’s phenomenon: A systematic literature review of definition, clinical features, histopathogenesis and management. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2022;88:464–77. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Romero-Navarrete M, Arenas R, Han XY, Vega-Memije ME, Castillo-Solana AD. Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2022;158:678–86. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies [cited 2019 May 24]. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
- Norman T, Zikry J, Worswick S, Kim G, Ochoa MT. Lucio phenomenon with concomitant necrotizing fasciitis and acute kidney injury. Dermatol Online J. 2022;28:28. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bezalel SA, Onajin O, Gonzalez-Santiago TM, Patel R, Pritt BS, Virk A, et al. Leprosy in a midwestern dermatology clinic: report of 9 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94:417–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Virk A, Pritt B, Patel R, Uhl JR, Bezalel SA, Gibson LE, et al. Mycobacterium lepromatosis lepromatous leprosy in US citizen who traveled to disease-endemic areas. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:1864–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Beltrame A, Barabino G, Wei Y, Clapasson A, Orza P, Perandin F, et al. Leprosy in refugees and migrants in Italy and a literature review of cases reported in Europe between 2009 and 2018. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1113. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Trave I, Barabino G, Cavalchini A, Parodi A. Long-term ulcerations caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2020;9:223–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vera-Cabrera L, Escalante-Fuentes WG, Gomez-Flores M, Ocampo-Candiani J, Busso P, Singh P, et al. Case of diffuse lepromatous leprosy associated with “Mycobacterium lepromatosis”. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4366–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Han XY, Sizer KC, Tan HH. Identification of the leprosy agent Mycobacterium lepromatosis in Singapore. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:168–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jessamine PG, Desjardins M, Gillis T, Scollard D, Jamieson F, Broukhanski G, et al. Leprosy-like illness in a patient with Mycobacterium lepromatosis from Ontario, Canada. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:229–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Han XY, Quintanilla M. Diffuse lepromatous leprosy due to Mycobacterium lepromatosis in Quintana Roo, Mexico. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:3695–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Widiatma RR, Sukanto H. Diffuse lepromatous leprosy caused by dual infection of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis: a case report. Dermatol Rep. 2019;11:180–2. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Serrano-Coll HA, Beltrán-Alzate JC, Buitrago SM, Cardona-Castro N. Lepromatous leprosy and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection associated with phenomenon of Lucio versus immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Infectio. 2016;20:272–5. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Sotiriou MC, Stryjewska BM, Hill C. Two cases of leprosy in siblings caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:522–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Velarde-Félix JS, Alvarado-Villa G, Vera-Cabrera L. “Lucio’s phenomenon” associated with Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:483–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cleary LC, Suraj S, Haburchak D, Turrentine JE. The armadillo factor: lepromatous leprosy. Am J Med. 2017;130:1163–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Htet L, Kai M, Miyamoto Y. New etiology of leprosy in Myanmar: another two patients. Lepr Rev. 2018;89:316–8. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Aldama Olmedo OM, Escobar M, Martínez MJ, Aldama M, Montoya Bueno C, Celias LF, et al. Necrotizing erythema nodosumin lepromatous leprosy associated with mixed infection by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Mycobacterium leprae [in Spanish]. Rev Nac (Itauguá). 2020;12:107–15. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Oo YM, Paez A, Brown R. Leprosy: A rare case of infectious peripheral neuropathy in the United States. IDCases. 2020;20:
e00765 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Watson W, Vassantachart JM, Luke J. Clinicopathological challenge: acute blistering and dermal papules in a patient with scleroderma. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59:e99–101. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Flores-Suárez LF, Fernández-Sánchez M, Ahumada-Topete VH, Rodríguez M, Charli-Joseph Y. After all, still a magnificent impersonator. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60:e245–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fernández JDP, Pou-Soarez VE, Arenas R, Juárez-Duran ER, Luna-Rojas SL, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, et al. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis infection: a report of six multibacillary cases of leprosy in the Dominican Republic. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2022;75:427–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kumar DP, Uprety S, Dogra S. Clinical diagnosis of leprosy. In: Scollard DM, Gillis TP, editors. International textbook of leprosy. 2018 [cited 2023 Jan 8]. https://www.internationaltextbookofleprosy.org/chapter/diagnosis-leprosy
- Saúl A, Novales J. [Lucio-Latapí leprosy and the Lucio phenomenon]. Acta Leprol. 1983;1:115–32.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vargas-Ocampo F. Diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí: a histologic study. Lepr Rev. 2007;78:248–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- World Health Organization. The Global Health Observatory. Geneva: The Organization; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 8]. https://www.who.int/data/gho
- Larrea MR, Carreño MC, Fine PE. Patterns and trends of leprosy in Mexico: 1989-2009. Lepr Rev. 2012;83:184–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Aubry A, Sammarco Rosa P, Chauffour A, Fletcher ML, Cambau E, Avanzi C. Drug resistance in leprosy: An update following 70years of chemotherapy. Infect Dis Now. 2022;52:243–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Deps P, Antunes JMAP, Collin SM. Zoonotic risk of Hansen’s disease from community contact with wild armadillos: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021;68:153–64. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Avanzi C, Del-Pozo J, Benjak A, Stevenson K, Simpson VR, Busso P, et al. Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli. Science. 2016;354:744–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Deps P, Collin SM. Mycobacterium lepromatosis as a second agent of Hansen’s disease. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:
698588 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar