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Volume 30, Number 12—December 2024
Dispatch
Human and Canine Blastomycosis Cases Associated with Riverside Neighborhood, Wisconsin, USA, December 2021–March 20221
Table 2
Characteristics by antibody detection among humans during investigation of human and canine blastomycosis cases associated with riverside neighborhood, Wisconsin, USA, December 2021–March 2022*
| Characteristic | Total, N = 87 | Antibodies detected, N = 44 | Antibodies not detected, N = 43 | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median time lived in neighborhood, y (IQR) | 5.0 (3.1–13.5) | 5.0 (3.5–14.0) | 5.2 (2.8–13.5) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.98 |
| Median distance from construction, m (IQR)† | 138 (92–191) | 136 (102–213) | 139 (92–179) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.98 |
| Median distance from river, m (IQR) | 338 (247–483) | 313 (193–437) | 350 (286–513) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.08 |
| Neighborhood of residence | |||||
| Neighborhood 1 | 31 (35.6) | 16 (36.4) | 15 (34.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.81 |
| Neighborhood 2 | 43 (49.4) | 21 (47.7) | 22 (51.2) | Referent | |
| Neighborhood 3 | 13 (14.9) | 7 (15.9) | 6 (14.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.74 |
| Age group, y | |||||
| <18 | 7 (8.0) | 5 (11.4) | 2 (4.7) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 0.30 |
| 18–64 | 64 (73.6) | 31 (70.5) | 33 (76.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.91 |
| >64 | 16 (18.4) | 8 (18.2) | 8 (18.6) | Referent | |
| Sex | |||||
| M | 38 (43.7) | 24 (54.5) | 14 (32.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.04 |
| F | 49 (56.3) | 20 (45.5) | 29 (67.4) | Referent | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 84 (96.6) | 42 (95.5) | 42 (97.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0.50 |
| Other | 3 (3.4) | 2 (4.5) | 1 (2.3) | Referent | |
| Immunosuppressive chronic conditions‡ | |||||
| Any | 20 (23.0) | 8 (18.2) | 12 (27.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.32 |
| Diabetes | 3 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.0) | NA | |
| Asthma | 5 (5.7) | 2 (4.5) | 3 (7.0) | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) | 0.66 |
| Other | 12 (13.8) | 6 (13.6) | 6 (14.0) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 0.97 |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Current | 3 (3.4) | 2 (3.4) | 1 (2.3) | Referent | |
| Former | 16 (18.4) | 8 (18.2) | 8 (18.6) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.55 |
| Never | 68 (78.2) | 34 (77.3) | 34 (79.1) | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0.50 |
| Any recreational activity§ | 74 (85.1) | 37 (84.1) | 37 (86.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.79 |
| Any recreational activity in neighborhood | 44 (50.6) | 20 (45.5) | 24 (55.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.34 |
| Any recreational activity in river | 10 (11.5) | 7 (15.9) | 3 (7.0) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 0.10 |
| Any soil-disturbing activity¶ | 81 (93.1) | 42 (95.5) | 39 (90.7) | 1.6 (0.5–4.9) | 0.45 |
| Any soil-disturbing activity in neighborhood | 76 (87.4) | 38 (87.4) | 38 (88.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.77 |
| Used walking trails | 43 (49.4) | 21 (47.7) | 22 (51.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.75 |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. Antibody testing was completed by MiraVista Diagnostics for Blastomyces human and canine enzyme immunoassay. IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable because model does not provide meaningful value. †Distance to construction is measured as the distance in meters from the house to the nearest lot with a construction permit in 2021. ‡Chronic and immunosuppressive conditions consisted of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, organ transplant, long-term steroid treatment, asthma, and asplenia. §Recreational activities consisted of hunting, fishing, visiting a cabin, camping, hiking, biking, using an ATV, going to a park, and kayaking ¶Soil disturbing activities consisted of chopping wood, excavation, gardening, mulching, exposure through one’s occupation, exposure to construction, lawn care, and composting.
1The results of this investigation were presented at the Council for State and Territorial Annual Conference, June 25–29, 2023; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
2These senior authors contributed equally to this article.