Volume 30, Number 12—December 2024
Dispatch
Human and Canine Blastomycosis Cases Associated with Riverside Neighborhood, Wisconsin, USA, December 2021–March 20221
Table 3
Characteristics by antibody detection among canines in investigation of human and canine blastomycosis cases associated with riverside neighborhood, Wisconsin, USA, December 2021–March 2022
| Characteristic | Total, N = 51 | Antibodies detected, N = 8 | Antibodies not detected, N = 43 | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median time lived in the neighborhood, y (IQR) |
3.5 (2.0–5.6) |
3.0 (1.8–3.2) |
4.0 (2.0–5.6) |
0.32 (0.1–0.9) |
0.03 |
| Median distance lived from construction, m (IQR)† |
150 (92–214) |
170 (121–183) |
139 (92–257) |
0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
0.13 |
| Median distance lived from river, m (IQR) |
349 (271–555) |
293 (256–341) |
364 (286–578) |
0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
0.02 |
| Neighborhood of residence | |||||
| Neighborhood 1 | 24 (47.1) | 2 (25.0) | 22 (51.2) | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) | 0.08 |
| Neighborhood 2 | 19 (37.3) | 6 (75.0) | 13 (30.2) | Referent | |
| Neighborhood 3 |
8 (15.7) |
0 (0.0) |
8 (18.6) |
0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
<0.0001 |
| Age group, y‡ | |||||
| <2 | 12 (24.5) | 3 (37.5) | 9 (22.0) | 1.5 (0.4–6.2) | 0.58 |
| 2–8 | 19 (38.8) | 2 (25.0) | 17 (41.5) | 0.6 (0.1–3.4) | 0.59 |
| >8 y |
18 (36.7) |
3 (37.5) |
15 (36.6) |
Referent |
|
| Sex | |||||
| M neutered | 23 (45.1) | 3 (37.5) | 20 (46.5) | 0.7 (0.2–2.4) | 0.52 |
| M intact | 3 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | <0.001 |
| F spayed | 25 (49.0) | 5 (62.5) | 20 (46.5) | Referent | |
| F intact |
0 (0.0) |
0 (0.0) |
0 (0.0) |
NA |
|
| Breed§ | |||||
| Sporting breed pedigree¶ | 21 (32.0) | 6 (75.0) | 15 (35.7) | 4.1 (0.9–18.5) | 0.06 |
| Other |
29 (58.0) |
2 (25.0) |
27(64.3) |
Referent |
|
| Weight, pounds | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.44 | |||
| Small (<25) | 8 (15.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (18.6) | ||
| Medium (25–49) | 14 (27.5) | 3 (37.5) | 11 (25.6) | ||
| Large (>50) |
29 (56.9) |
5 (62.5) |
24 (55.8) |
||
| Any recreational activity# | |||||
| Yes | 32 (62.7) | 4 (50.0) | 28 (65.1) | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | 0.41 |
| No |
19 (37.3) |
4 (50.0) |
15 (34.9) |
||
| Any recreation in neighborhood | |||||
| Yes | 13 (25.5) | 3 (37.5) | 10 (23.3) | 1.8 (0.5–6.3) | 0.39 |
| No |
38 (74.5) |
5 (62.5) |
33 (76.7) |
||
| Any soil-disturbing activity** | |||||
| Yes | 46 (90.2) | 4 (50.0) | 42 (97.7) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | <0.001 |
| No |
5 (9.8) |
4 (50.0) |
1 (2.3) |
||
| Any soil-disturbing activity in neighborhood | |||||
| Yes | 40 (78.4) | 4 (50.0) | 36 (83.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 0.04 |
| No |
11 (21.6) |
4 (50.0) |
7 (16.3) |
||
| Used trails |
21 (41.2) |
7 (87.5) |
14 (32.6) |
10.0 (1.3–75.4) |
0.03 |
| Off-leash on trail |
10 (19.6) |
5 (62.5) |
5 (11.6) |
6.8 (2.0–23.9) |
0.003 |
| Off-leash out of yard†† |
20 (39.2) |
6 (75.0) |
14 (32.6) |
1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
0.50 |
| Recreation in river |
10 (19.6) |
2 (25.0) |
8 (18.6) |
1.4 (0.3–5.8) |
0.67 |
| Frequent digger | 24 (47.1) | 5 (62.5) | 19 (44.2) | 1.9 (0.5–7.0) | 0.35 |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. Antibody testing was completed by MiraVista Diagnostics for Blastomyces human and canine enzyme immunoassay (EIA). NA, not applicable because model does not provide meaningful value. †Distance to construction is measured as the distance in meters from the house to the nearest lot with a construction permit in 2021. ‡Information on age was missing for 2 dogs. §Breed information was missing for 1 dog. ¶Sporting breed category includes mixed-breed dogs. #Recreational activities consisted of hunting, fishing, visiting a cabin, camping, hiking, visiting parks, visiting a dog park, and kayaking. **Soil-disturbing activities consisted of exposure to lawn care, excavation, or gardening. ††Information about time spent off-leash out of the yard was missing for 1 dog.
1The results of this investigation were presented at the Council for State and Territorial Annual Conference, June 25–29, 2023; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
2These senior authors contributed equally to this article.