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Volume 30, Number 12—December 2024
Dispatch

Chikungunya Outbreak Risks after the 2014 Outbreak, Dominican Republic

Gideon Loevinsohn1, Cecilia Then Paulino1, Jessica Spring, Holly R. Hughes, Angela Cadavid Restrepo, Helen Mayfield, Michael de St. Aubin, Janeen Laven, Amanda Panella, William Duke, Marie Caroline Etienne, Gabriela Abdalla, Salome Garnier, Naomi Iihoshi, Beatriz Lopez, Lucia de la Cruz, Bernarda Henríquez, Margaret Baldwin, Farah Peña, Adam J. Kucharski, Marietta Vasquez, Emily Zielinski Gutiérrez, Aaron C. Brault, Ronald Skewes-Ramm, Colleen L. Lau, and Eric J. NillesComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massechusetts, USA (G. Loevinsohn); Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston (G. Loevinsohn, M. de St. Aubin, M.C. Etienne, G. Abdalla, S. Garnier, N. Iihoshi, M. Baldwin, E.J. Nilles); Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (C. Then Paulino, L. de la Cruz, B. Henríquez, F. Peña, R. Skewes-Ramm); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J. Spring, H.R. Hughes, J. Laven, A. Panella, A.C. Brault); University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (A. Cadavid Restrepo, H. Mayfield, C.L. Lau); Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (M. de St. Aubin, M. Baldwin. E.J. Nilles); Pedro Henríquez Ureña National University, Santo Domingo (W. Duke); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central America Regional Office, Guatemala City, Guatemala (B. Lopez, E. Zielinski Gutiérrez); London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (A.J. Kucharski); Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (M. Vasquez); Harvard Medical School, Boston (E.J. Nilles)

Main Article

Table

Population characteristics and prevalence information from study of future risks for chikungunya outbreaks in the Dominican Republic*

Category Household serologic survey†
 Acute febrile infection illness‡
All study participants, n = 397
 CHIKV seropositive, n = 319 CHIKV seronegative, n = 78 All study participants, n = 275
 CHIKV seropositive, n = 62 CHIKV seronegative, n = 213
Province
San Pedro de Macorís 311 260 (84) 51 (16) 131 34 (26) 97 (74)
Espaillat 86 59 (69) 27 (31) 135 25 (19) 110 (81)
Other
 0
 0
 0
9
 3 (33)
 6 (67)
Year of birth
Before 2014 392 319 (81) 73 (19) 110 60 (55) 50 (45)
2014 3 0 3 (100) 14 1 (7) 13 (93)
After 2014
 2
 0
 2 (100)
151
 1 (1)
 150 (99)
Median age, y (IQR)
 32 (17.4–55.5)
 31.9 (18–55.5)
 32.7 (13–56.3)
6.7 (4.0–10.0)
 10.7 (9.5–11.4)
 5.3 (3.7–7.5)
Age group, y
1–5 0 0 0 118 1 (1) 117 (99)
6–10 43 28 (65) 15 (35) 114 37 (32) 77 (68)
11–20 95 81 (85) 14 (15) 43 24 (56) 19 (44)
21–40 99 81 (82) 18 (18) 0 0 0
41–60 87 68 (78) 19 (22) 0 0 0
≥61
 73
 61 (84)
 12 (16)
0
 0
 0
Sex
F 250 206 (82) 44 (18) 131 37 (28) 94 (72)
M
 147
 113 (77)
 34 (23)
144
 25 (17)
 119 (83)
Place of birth
Dominican Republic 384 309 (80) 75 (20) 270 61 (23) 209 (77)
Other
 13
 10 (77)
 3 (23)
5
 1 (20)
 4 (80)
Educational attainment
No formal education 23 17 (74) 6 (26) 153 12 (8) 141 (92)
Primary 112 95 (85) 17 (15) 119 49 (41) 70 (59)
Secondary 123 104 (85) 19 (15) 2 1 (50) 1 (50)
Technical 13 11 (85) 2 (15) 0 0 0
University 37 26 (70) 11 (30) 0 0 0
Missing or not available
 89
 66 (74)
 23 (26)
1
 0
 1 (100)
Occupation
Active worker 91 67 (74) 24 (26) 1 1 (100) 0
Houseperson 82 72 (88) 10 (12) 0 0 0
Student 130 102 (78) 28 (22) 161 58 (36) 103 (64)
Retired 12 10 (83) 2 (17) 0 0 0
Unemployed 79 67 (85) 12 (15) 3 0 3 (100)
Preschool 0 0 0 110 3 (3) 107 (97)
Other
 3
 2 (67)
 2 (67)
0
 0
 0
Self-reported prior infection
Chikungunya 108 97 (90) 11 (10) NA NA NA
Dengue 14 14 (100) 0 NA NA NA
Zika 3
 3 (100) 0 NA
 NA NA

*Values are no. (%) except as inidicated. CHIKV, chikungunya virus; NA, not applicable. †Serologic status was assessed for household serologic survey participants using chikungunya plaque reduction neutralization test (n = 202) and ELISA to detect CHIKV IgG (n = 195). ‡Serologic status for all acute febrile illness surveillance participants was assessed using chikungunya plaque reduction neutralization test.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

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