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Volume 30, Supplement—October 2024
SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Articles

Etiology and Epidemiology of Travelers’ Diarrhea among US Military and Adult Travelers, 2018–2023

Melissa S. Anderson, Evelyn W. Mahugu, Hayley R. Ashbaugh, Aaron G. Wellbrock, Maia Nozadze, Sanjaya K. Shrestha, Giselle M. Soto, Rania A. Nada, Prativa Pandey, Mathew D. Esona, Daniel J. Crouch, Michelle Hartman-Lane, and Hunter J. SmithComments to Author 
Author affiliation: Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA (M.S. Anderson, A.G. Wellbrock, M.D. Esona, D.J. Crouch, M. Hartman-Lane); General Dynamics Information Technology, San Diego (M.S. Anderson, A.G. Wellbrock); Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (E.W. Mahugu, H.J. Smith); General Dynamics, Silver Spring (E.W. Mahugu); US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring (H.R. Ashbaugh); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Europe-Middle East, Tbilisi, Georgia (M. Nozadze); Walter Reed Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Research Unit Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal (S.K. Shrestha); US Naval Medical Research Unit SOUTH, Lima, Peru (G.M. Soto); US Naval Medical Research Unit EURAFCENT, Cairo, Egypt (R.A. Nada); Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants Clinic, Kathmandu (P. Pandey).

Main Article

Table 2

Positivity and pathogen coinfections recovered from participants, by geographic region and country, in a study of etiology and epidemiology of travelers’ diarrhea among US military personnel and adult travelers, 2018–2023*

Sample positivity Geographic region and country
 Total, 
n = 512
South and Central America
 Northern Africa
 Sub-Saharan Africa
 Southern Asia
 Eastern Europe
Honduras, 
n = 107 Peru, 
n = 15 Egypt, 
n = 17 Djibouti, 
n = 200 Nepal, 
n = 133 Georgia, n = 40
Positive samples† 80 (75) 12 (80) 15 (88) 146 (73) 119 (89) 31 (78) 403 (79)
Single infections 71 (89) 7 (58) 15 (100) 130 (89) 75 (63) 23 (74) 321 (80)
Double infections 8 (10) 5 (42) 0 15 (10) 43 (36) 8 (26) 79 (20)
Triple infections 1 (1) 0 0 1 (1) 1 (1) 0 3 (1)
Total no. pathogens‡ 178 26 28 288 276 71 867

*Values are no. (%), except as indicated. Percentages are of total positive samples, not samples tested. Samples cannot be positive for both Shiga-like toxin–producing Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic E. coli because the eae gene used to identify enteropathogenic E. coli can be found in Shiga-like toxin–producing E. coli; therefore, samples that tested positive for stx1/2 alone or in combination with eae were resulted as Shiga-like toxin–producing E. coli, and samples that tested positive for eae without stx1/2 were resulted as enteropathogenic E. coli. All other E. coli pathotype combinations were possible to identify. †Samples positive for >1 of the following pathogens: norovirus genogroup I, norovirus genogroup II, enteroaggregative E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, Shiga-like toxin–producing E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter. ‡Only of pathogens tested for in this study.

Main Article

Page created: October 01, 2024
Page updated: November 11, 2024
Page reviewed: November 11, 2024
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