Volume 30, Number 7—July 2024
Research
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Post–COVID-19 Condition during Omicron BA.5–Dominant Wave, Japan
Arisa Iba
, Mariko Hosozawa, Miyuki Hori, Yoko Muto, Isao Muraki, Rie Masuda, Nanako Tamiya, and Hiroyasu Iso
, Mariko Hosozawa, Miyuki Hori, Yoko Muto, Isao Muraki, Rie Masuda, Nanako Tamiya, and Hiroyasu Iso
Table 3
Factors associated with the prevalence and risk factors for post–COVID-19 conditions during BA.5 Omicron-dominant wave, Japan*
| Factor | No. at risk, n = 8,392 | No. (%) cases,† n = 992 | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |||||
| Age group, y | ||||||||||
| 20–29 | 1,316 | 134 (10.2) | Referent | NA | Referent | NA | Referent | NA | ||
| 30–39 | 2,340 | 289 (12.4) | 1.31 (1.05–1.63) |
0.02 | 1.23 (0.98–1.54) |
0.07 | 1.22 (0.97–1.52) |
0.08 | ||
| 40–49 | 2,326 | 307 (13.2) | 1.40 (1.12–1.74) |
0.003 | 1.32 (1.06–1.65) |
0.01 | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) |
0.05 | ||
| 50–59 | 1,695 | 206 (12.2) | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) |
0.02 | 1.23 (0.96–1.56) |
0.10 | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) |
0.24 | ||
| 60–70 |
715 |
56 (7.8) |
0.83 (0.60–1.16) |
0.28 |
0.75 (0.53–1.05) |
0.10 |
0.70 (0.50–0.98) |
0.04 |
||
| Patient sex | ||||||||||
| M | 3,535 | 280 (7.9) | Referent | NA | Referent | NA | Referent | NA | ||
| F |
4,802 |
703 (14.6) |
1.98 (1.71–2.30) |
<0.001 |
2.05 (1.76–2.39) |
<0.001 |
2.00 (1.71–2.34) |
<0.001 |
||
| Underlying medical conditions | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1,947 | 263 (13.5) | NA | NA | 1.36 (1.15–1.60) |
<0.001 | 1.36 (1.16–1.59) |
<0.001 | ||
| No |
6,445 |
729 (11.3) |
NA |
NA |
Referent |
Referent |
NA |
|||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||||
| <18.5 | 932 | 119 (12.8) | NA | NA | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) |
0.59 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) |
0.58 | ||
| 18.5–25.0 | 5,902 | 686 (11.6) | NA | NA | Referent | Referent | NA | |||
| >25.0 |
1,406 |
162 (11.5) |
NA |
NA |
1.09 (0.90–1.32) |
0.36 |
1.09 (0.90–1.31) |
0.39 |
||
| Severity of acute COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Asymptomatic | 228 | 13 (5.7) | NA | NA | Referent | Referent | NA | |||
| Mild | 8,098 | 965 (11.9) | NA | NA | 2.00 (1.13–3.52) |
0.02 | 2.07 (1.18–3.66) |
0.01 | ||
| Moderate | 64 | 14 (21.9) | NA | NA | 4.00 (1.73–9.23) |
0.001 | 4.49 (1.97–10.23) |
<0.001 | ||
| Severe |
2 |
0 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
||
| Vaccination before infection | ||||||||||
| Yes | 7,707 | 890 (11.5) | NA | NA | 0.74 (0.59–0.92) |
0.01 | 0.75 (0.60–0.95) |
0.02 | ||
| No |
685 |
102 (14.9) |
NA |
NA |
Referent |
NA |
Referent |
NA |
||
| Household income, ¥ | ||||||||||
| <4 million | 2,520 | 295 (11.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Referent | NA | ||
| 4–8 million | 3,699 | 433 (11.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) |
0.54 | ||
| >8 million |
1,077 |
128 (11.9) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1.10 (0.87–1.40) |
0.43 |
||
| Education level | ||||||||||
| High school or lower | 1,242 | 137 (11.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Referent | NA | ||
| Some college | 1,710 | 252 (14.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.20 (0.95–1.50) |
0.12 | ||
| College or higher | 5,299 | 583 (11.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) |
0.92 | ||
*Associations were determined by using multivariable logistic regression models for 8,392 infected persons (cases). Model 1 included age (as a categorical variable) and sex; model 2 added preexisting medical conditions (factor variable), BMI (categorical variable), severity of acute COVID-19 (categorical variable), and vaccination before infection (factor variable); model 3 added household income and education level (categorical variables). BMI, body mass index; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio. †Number of cases who had post–COVID-19 condition.
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