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Volume 31, Number 11—November 2025

Dispatch

Shifting Dynamics of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 and Emergence of Cosmopolitan Genotype, Costa Rica, 2024

Mauricio González-Elizondo, Dihala Picado Soto, Estela Cordero Laurent, Francisco Duarte Martínez, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Vagner Fonseca, Jairo Andrés Méndez Rico, Jose Lourenco, Leticia Franco, Marta Giovanetti1Comments to Author , and Claudio Soto Garita1
Author affiliation: Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virología, Tres Ríos, Costa Rica (M. González-Elizondo, D. Picado Soto, E. Cordero Laurent, F. Duarte Martínez, C. Soto Garita); René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (L.C.J. Alcantara); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (L.C.J. Alcantara); University of the State of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil (V. Fonseca); Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (V. Fonseca); Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA (J.A. Méndez Rico, L. Franco); Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal (J. Lourenco); Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy (M. Giovanetti); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, Brazil (M. Giovanetti)

Main Article

Figure 2

Maximum-likelihood phylogeny and spatiotemporal expansion of dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 (DENV-2) and emergence of cosmopolitan genotype, Costa Rica, 2024. A) Time-stamped phylogenetic tree of DENV-2 genotype III, showing 2 independent introductions of this genotype into Costa Rica, including 1 major transmission cluster. Tips are colored according to sampling location. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. Full phylogeny shown in Appendix 1 Figure. B) Population density map of Costa Rica, highlighting areas with elevated DENV transmission potential. C, D) Spatiotemporal expansion of DENV-2 genotype III lineage D.1.2, illustrating the progressive spread of 2 distinct clades, clade I (C) and clade II (D), from urban centers to coastal regions between May 2023 and March 2024.

Figure 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny and spatiotemporal expansion of dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 (DENV-2) and emergence of cosmopolitan genotype, Costa Rica, 2024. A) Time-stamped phylogenetic tree of DENV-2 genotype III, showing 2 independent introductions of this genotype into Costa Rica, including 1 major transmission cluster. Tips are colored according to sampling location. Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. Full phylogeny shown in Appendix 1 Figure. B) Population density map of Costa Rica, highlighting areas with elevated DENV transmission potential. C, D) Spatiotemporal expansion of DENV-2 genotype III lineage D.1.2, illustrating the progressive spread of 2 distinct clades, clade I (C) and clade II (D), from urban centers to coastal regions between May 2023 and March 2024.

Main Article

1These senior authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: October 01, 2025
Page updated: December 10, 2025
Page reviewed: December 10, 2025
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