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Volume 31, Number 12—December 2025

Research Letter

Influenza D Virus in Black Donkeys, Northern China

Mingshuai Shen1, Jieshi Yu1, Bin Fu1, Cuilian Yu, Chunqi Cui, Shumin Chen, Cun Liu2, Kezhou Wang2, and Zhao Wang2Comments to Author 
Author affiliation: Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China (M. Shen, B. Fu, C. Yu, C. Cui, K. Wang, Z. Wang); Agro-biological Gene Research Center of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China (J. Yu); Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan (S. Chen, C. Liu)

Main Article

Table

HI and VN antibody titers against IDV in serum samples from black donkeys, northern China, 2025*

Sample no. IAV (A/People’s Republic of China/SWL1304/2023[H1N1]), HI IBV (B/Guangdong/266/2021), HI IDV (D/bovine/CHN/JY3002/2022), IDV
HI VN
1646 <10 <10 10, 10 10, 10
1714 <10 <10 10, 10 <10
1116 <10 <10 20, 20 20, 20
842 <10 <10 40, 40 20, 20
558 <10 <10 40, 40 20, 40
35 <10 <10 40, 40 20, 20

*Samples were tested against 3 strains: IAV, IBV, and IDV. Titers below the detectable threshold (10) were indicated as <10 and considered negative. HI, hemagglutination inhibition test; IAV, influenza A virus; IBV, influenza B virus; IDV, influenza D virus; VN, virus neutralization.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

2These authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: December 11, 2025
Page updated: January 01, 2026
Page reviewed: January 01, 2026
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