Volume 31, Number 5—May 2025
Dispatch
High Prevalence of Influenza D Virus Infection in Swine, Northern Ireland
Figure 2

Figure 2. Amino acid substitutions in swine-origin influenza D virus HEF protein relative to bovine-origin influenza D virus, Northern Ireland. Changes relative to the bovine-origin sequence are displayed. Amino acid numbering is according to Song et al. (6). Substitutions occurring at the receptor-binding site and esterase are highlighted with red text on a blue background. Sequence conservation at each position is indicated by logo generated at WebLogo (https://weblogo.berkeley.edu/logo.cgi) (bottom) on the basis of alignment of 169 influenza D virus sequences. HEF, hemagglutinin-esterase fusion; NI, Northern Ireland.
References
- Kwasnik M, Rola J, Rozek W. Influenza D in domestic and wild animals. Viruses. 2023;15:2433. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gaudino M, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Zohari S, O’Donovan T, Quinless E, et al. Evolutionary and temporal dynamics of emerging influenza D virus in Europe (2009-22). Virus Evol. 2022;8:
veac081 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Dane H, Duffy C, Guelbenzu M, Hause B, Fee S, Forster F, et al. Detection of influenza D virus in bovine respiratory disease samples, UK. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66:2184–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hause BM, Ducatez M, Collin EA, Ran Z, Liu R, Sheng Z, et al. Isolation of a novel swine influenza virus from Oklahoma in 2011 which is distantly related to human influenza C viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:
e1003176 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Lagan P, Hamil M, Cull S, Hanrahan A, Wregor RM, Lemon K. Swine influenza A virus infection dynamics and evolution in intensive pig production systems. Virus Evol. 2024;10:
veae017 . DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar - Gorin S, Richard G, Hervé S, Eveno E, Blanchard Y, Jardin A, et al. Characterization of influenza D virus reassortant strain in swine from mixed pig and beef farm, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:1672–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kaplan BS, Falkenberg S, Dassanayake R, Neill J, Velayudhan B, Li F, et al. Virus strain influenced the interspecies transmission of influenza D virus between calves and pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68:3396–404. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gorin S, Richard G, Quéguiner S, Chastagner A, Barbier N, Deblanc C, et al. Pathogenesis, transmission, and within-host evolution of bovine-origin influenza D virus in pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2024;2024:
9009051 . DOIGoogle Scholar