Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released.

Volume 31, Number 6—June 2025

Dispatch

Investigation of Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Neutralization by Quadrivalent Seasonal Vaccines, United Kingdom, 2021–2024

Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett1, Lorin Adams1, David Greenwood1, Abi Lofts, Vincenzo Libri, Bryan Williams, Sonia Gandhi, Charles Swanton, Steve Gamblin, Edward J. Carr1, Ruth Harvey1, Nicola S. Lewis1, Mary Y. Wu, Emma C. Wall1Comments to Author , and Crick Neutralization Consortium2 and Legacy Investigators3
Author affiliation: The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (P. Stevenson-Leggett, L. Adams, D. Greenwood, A. Lofts, S. Gandhi, C. Swanton, S. Gamblin, E.J. Carr, R. Harvey, N.S. Lewis, M.Y. Wu, E.C. Wall); Royal Veterinary College, London (L. Adams, N.S. Lewis); University College London Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, London (V. Libri, B. Williams, E.C. Wall); University College London, London (V. Libri, B. Williams, S. Gandhi, C. Swanton); University College London Centre for Kidney and Bladder Health, London (E.J. Carr); University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, London (E.C. Wall)

Main Article

Table

Characteristics of patients in investigation of influenza A(H5N1) virus neutralization by quadrivalent seasonal vaccines, United Kingdom, 2021–2024*

Characteristic Sampling season
2021–22, n = 30 2022–23, n = 54 2023–24, n = 59
Sex
F 21 (70) 40 (74) 43 (73)
M
 9 (30)
 14 (26)
 16 (27)
Median age, y (IQR)
 56 (40–62)
 49 (38–58)
 49 (38–58)
Sampling site
Crick 19 (63) 31 (57) 34 (58)
NHS sites UCLH or CNWL
 11 (37)
 23 (42)
 25 (42)
Underlying conditions, any 16 (53) 24 (44) 25 (42)
Type 1 diabetes 1 (3.3) 1 (1.9) 1 (1.7)
Type 2 diabetes 2 (6.7) 2 (3.7) 2 (3.4)
Cancer, stroke, or heart problems 2 (6.7) 3 (5.6) 4 (6.8)
High blood pressure 5 (17) 5 (9.3) 6 (10)
Asthma or COPD
 3 (10)
 6 (11)
 7 (12)
Alcohol consumption
Never 0 (0) 4 (10) 5 (11)
Monthly or less 6 (26) 12 (30) 13 (30)
2–4 times/mo 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
2 or 3 times/wk 11 (48) 19 (48) 21 (48)
>4 times/wk 6 (26) 5 (13) 5 (11)
Unknown
 7
 14
 15
Smoking status
Never smoker 25 (83) 41 (76) 47 (80)
Ex-smoker 5 (17) 10 (19) 9 (15)
Current smoker
 0 (0)
 3 (5.6)
 3 (5.1)
Median days from vaccine to sample collection (IQR) 82 (61–81.5) 67 (33.75–67) 61 (26–61)

*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. CNWL, Central Northwest London; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range; NHS, National Health Service; UCLH, University College London Hospitals.

Main Article

1These authors contributed equally to this article.

2Members of the Crick Neutralization Consortium are listed at the end of this article.

3Members of the Legacy Investigators are listed at the end of this article.

Page created: April 11, 2025
Page updated: May 14, 2025
Page reviewed: May 14, 2025
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external