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Volume 32, Number 1—January 2026

Perspective

Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats from Influenza D and Canine Coronavirus HuPn-2018

Gregory C. GrayComments to Author , Anastasia N. Vlasova, John A. Lednicky, Thang Nguyen-Tien, Ismaila Shittu, and Feng Li
Author affiliation: University of Texas, Galveston, Texas, USA (G.C. Gray, T. Nguyen-Tien, I. Shittu); The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA (A.N. Vlasova); University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (J.A. Lednicky); University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (F. Li)

Main Article

Table

Recent epidemics or pandemics from respiratory viruses thought to be zoonotic*

Period Virus Virus family Deaths Scope
1918–1920 Influenza A(H1N1) Orthomyxoviridae 20–100 million (1) Worldwide
1957–1958 Influenza A(H2N2) Orthomyxoviridae 1–4 million (2) Worldwide
1968–1969 Influenza A(H3N2) Orthomyxoviridae 1–4 million (3) Worldwide
2002–2004 SARS-CoV-1 Coronaviridae 774 (4) 29 countries (5)
2009–2010 Influenza A(H1N1) Orthomyxoviridae 151,700–575,400 (6) Worldwide
2012–present MERS-CoV Coronaviridae 2,627† 27 countries†
2019–present SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviridae 7.1 million‡ Worldwide

*MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. †Per World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON560). ‡Per World Health Organization as of October 2025 (https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/deaths?n=o).

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Page created: December 31, 2025
Page updated: January 27, 2026
Page reviewed: January 27, 2026
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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