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Volume 32, Number 11—November 2026

Research Letter

Evidence of Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Viruses in East Greenland Polar Bears

Kayla J. BuhlerComments to Author , Charlene Ranadheera, Nathalie Bastien, Marcy Zirino, Emily Jenkins, Morten Tryland, Rune Dietz, Jens Søndergaard, and Christian Sonne
Author affiliation: University of Inland Norway, Koppang, Norway (K.J. Buhler, M. Tryland); Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA (K.J. Buhler); Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C. Ranadheera, N. Bastien, M. Zirino); University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (E. Jenkins); Aarhus University, Arctic Research Cluster, Roskilde, Denmark (R. Dietz, J. Søndergaard, C. Sonne)

Main Article

Figure

Potential mechanisms of transmission for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses to polar bears, including direct contact through mucosal or nasal secretions, scavenging dead birds or bird eggs, eating infected mammals, and mother-to-offspring transmission through lactation.

Figure. Potential mechanisms of transmission for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses to polar bears, including direct contact through mucosal or nasal secretions, scavenging dead birds or bird eggs, eating infected mammals, and mother-to-offspring transmission through lactation.

Main Article

Page created: September 09, 2026
Page updated: October 13, 2026
Page reviewed: October 13, 2026
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