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Volume 32, Number 12—December 2026
Research Letter
Serologic Evidence of Avian Influenza Virus Exposure in Livestock, Egypt, 2024–2026
Mokhtar Gomaa, Rabeh El-Shesheny, Ahmed El Taweel, Omnia Kutkat, Hager Emam, Basant Helal, Ayat Swelam, Mohamed GabAllah, Ahmed Kandeil, Pamela P. McKenzie, Richard J. Webby, Mohamed Ahmed Ali, and Ghazi Kayali
Table
Antibody distributions for avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses in livestock, Egypt, 2024–2026*
| Variable | No. (%) samples | No. (%) H5N1-positive by HI | No. (%) H5N1-positive by microneutralization | No. (%) H9N2-positive by HI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||
| Cattle | 374 (84.2) | 20 (5.3) | 13 (3.5) | 6 (1.6) |
| Goat | 31 (7.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.2) |
| Sheep |
39 (8.8) |
0 (0.0) |
0 (0.0) |
4 (10.3) |
| Presence of nonlivestock mammals | ||||
| Y | 5 (1.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| N |
266 (98.2) |
15 (5.6) |
11 (4.1) |
11 (4.1) |
| Presence of avian species | ||||
| Y | 5 (1.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| N |
266 (98.2) |
15 (5.6) |
11 (4.1) |
11 (4.1) |
| Habitat | ||||
| Backyard | 72 (27.3) | 3 (4.2) | 0 | 2 (2.8) |
| Small farm | 192 (72.7) | 12 (6.3) | 11 (5.7) | 9 (4.7) |
*Bold text indicates statistical significance. HI, hemagglutination inhibition.
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