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Volume 32, Number 2—February 2026

Research Letter

Vesicular Disease Caused by Seneca Valley Virus in Pigs, England, 2022

Bryony ArmsonComments to Author , Valérie Mioulet, Britta A. Wood, Antonello Di Nardo, Nick J. Knowles, Jemma Wadsworth, David J. Paton, Jozhel Baguisi, Harry Bull, Amy McCarron, Clare Browning, Ashley Gray, Tomasz Zaleski, Andrew E. Shaw, Anna B. Ludi, Mark Henstock, Hayley M. Hicks, Ginette Wilsden, Krupali Parekh, Julie Maryan, Sarah Belgrave, Noemi Polo, Simon Gubbins, Claire Colenutt, Melanie Nicholls, Emma Brown, Efthymia Nasou, Anca Drelciuc, Livio Pittalis, David Jorge, Caroline Wilson, Susana Taylor, Jose Bis, Charles Nfon, Susanna Williamson, and Donald P. King
Author affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK (B. Armson, V. Mioulet, B.A. Wood, A. Di Nardo, N.J. Knowles, J. Wadsworth, D.J. Paton, J. Baguisi, H. Bull, A. McCarron, C. Browning, A. Gray, T. Zaleski, A.E. Shaw, A.B. Ludi, M. Henstock, H.M. Hicks, G. Wilsden, K. Parekh, J. Maryan, S. Belgrave, N. Polo, S. Gubbins, C. Colenutt, M. Nicholls, E. Brown, D.P. King); University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (T. Zaleski); Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bury St Edmunds, UK (T. Zaleski, E. Nasou, A. Drelciuc, L. Pittalis, D. Jorge, C. Wilson, S. Taylor, J. Bis, S. Williamson); National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C. Nfon)

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Figure 2

Evolutionary history and genetic relationships of Seneca Valley viruses from study of vesicular disease caused by Seneca Valley virus in pigs, England, 2022. A) Tree represents the evolutionary history of Seneca Valley viruses isolated globally and reconstructed using polyprotein-coding sequences. Maximum-likelihood tree inferred using the Tamura-Nei model (9) and setting a discrete gamma distribution for evolutionary rate differences among sites. Colored tips represent Seneca Valley virus–infected farms during the outbreak in England in 2022. Colored internal nodes represent the percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together on >50%. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (10). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. B) Genetic relationship of Seneca Valley viruses isolated in England during 2022 based on the full-genome length, as reconstructed by statistical parsimony analysis. Nodes are colored according to farm on which clinical cases were observed; white nodes denote missing unsampled haplotypes. Hatch marks represent single-nucleotide substitutions estimated between the connected nodes.

Figure 2. Evolutionary history and genetic relationships of Seneca Valley viruses from study of vesicular disease caused by Seneca Valley virus in pigs, England, 2022. A) Tree represents the evolutionary history of Seneca Valley viruses isolated globally and reconstructed using polyprotein-coding sequences. Maximum-likelihood tree inferred using the Tamura-Nei model (9) and setting a discrete gamma distribution for evolutionary rate differences among sites. Colored tips represent Seneca Valley virus–infected farms during the outbreak in England in 2022. Colored internal nodes represent the percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together on >50%. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (10). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. B) Genetic relationship of Seneca Valley viruses isolated in England during 2022 based on the full-genome length, as reconstructed by statistical parsimony analysis. Nodes are colored according to farm on which clinical cases were observed; white nodes denote missing unsampled haplotypes. Hatch marks represent single-nucleotide substitutions estimated between the connected nodes.

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